Plants containing a bacterial Gdha gene and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Plant nitrogen metabolism in corn and tobacco has been altered by transformation with a highly active assimilatory glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Plants containing the gdhA gene are resistant to phosphinothricin herbicides (PPT) which can include glufosinate herbicides. Additionally, these transformed plants evidence higher levels of tolerance to PPT when combined with another PPT resistant gene. This invention also includes the method of improving plant growth in a field of crops encoding for GDH due to a gdhA transgene.

This application is a continuation in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/884,235, filed Jun. 27, 1997 and pending, and claims priority benefit of provisional U.S. application Ser. No. 60/021,058, filed Jul. 2, 1996.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to plants transformed with the gdhA gene. More specifically, the present invention relates to a gene which can be used as a selectable marker in transformation. Additionally, the present invention relates to a dual gene herbicide resistance and tolerance package that includes the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene and/or the Bar gene in combination with the gdhA gene.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Plants utilize nitrogen to form organic compounds. Ammonia and ammonium ions do not accumulate in plants cells but instead are rapidly assimilated. Ammonium assimilates through two possible pathways. The first pathway produces glutamate and is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), which is found in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

The second pathway for assimilation of ammonia involves a reaction with glutamate to form its amide, glutamine. This reaction is catalyzed by glutamine synthase (GS) and requires energy in the form of ATP. Glutamine is then catalyzed by glutamate synthase (GOGAT) to form glutamate. GS appears in chloroplasts and cytosol in leaves and roots, whereas, GOGAT is in leaf chloroplasts and plastids in roots.

Although both pathways result in glutmate, the second pathway appears more important in ammonium assimilation in plants. Glutamate dehydrogenase, the enzyme of the first pathway, has a high Km value. This value which is the concentration of ammonia where half of the enzyme maximum operation rate is within levels which are toxic for plant cells. In contrast, the GS Km value is much lower. Additionally, radioactive labeling of NO₃ or NH₄ show labeled nitrogen in the amide group of glutamine first.

Although GS has a high affinity for ammonia and GDH has a lower affinity, GS has low specific activity per enzyme molecule and GDH has high specific activity per molecule.

Ammonium assimilation pathways of plants and microorganism; although maybe not fully understood; have been known. In October of 1980, the ICI Argicultrual Division published in Nature, Volume 287, page 396 an article on improved conversion of methanol to single cell protein by Methylophilus methylotropus.

The researchers cloned the glutamine dehydrogenase gene of Escherichia coli (E. coli) into a mutant of Methylophilus methylotropus organism that lacks GOGAT. The paper explained that the GDH pathway should result in the organism consuming less energy. The researchers speculate the potential industrial or agricultural savings could be made by identification of features that incur "energy penalty" and this is an exciting area for recombinant DNA. This organism of organism transfer of the E. coli GDH gene should substantially decrease in enzyme activity thus a plasmid with a high copy number was used.

In 1988, the expression of E. coli glutamate dehydrogenase in cyanobacterium was reported in Plant Molecular Biology, Volume II, pages 335-344. Cynaobacterium that lacked glutamate dehydrogenase were transformed with the gdhA gene of E. coli and levels of NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase activity resulted in the transformed microorganism. The authors speculate that it would be interesting to investigate the engineering of glutamate dehydrogenase activity to higher plants and to study in detail the possible roles for glutamate dehydrogenase activity in ammonium detoxification.

Although there was some speculation on nitrogen assimilation genes in higher plants, in a paper on nitrogen assimiliatory genes in The Genetic Manipulation of Plants and its Application to Agriculture, at page 109, the authors state that it would be tempting to suggest that crop plants might show increased metabolic efficiency if ammonium assimilation was channeled through glutamate dehydrogenase. But the authors clearly list the number of technological barriers to this. There remained a number of barriers to this research including the potential negative consequences of uncontrolled expression in the plant. The authors reluctantly conclude "perhaps" there may be some benefit in replacing glutamate synthase, with ammonium--utilizing alternatives.

In Molecular and General Genetics in 1993 in volume 236, pages 315-325, the modulation of glutamine synthetase gene expression in tobacco was reported. An alfalfa gene was placed in the tobacco plant cells in the sense and antisense position. Partial inhibitation in the antisense position was seen without a true homologous gene.

In 1994, it was reported that increasing the activity of plant nitrogen metabolism enzymes may alter plant growth, development and composition. Increased yield and protein content as well as reduced levels of nitrogen in agricultural runoff water and food may result. Plant nitrogen metabolism has been altered by transformation with a highly active assimilatory bacterial glutamate dehydrogenase gene, plant glutamate dehydrogenase is less active in ammonium gene has been altered by PCR and PCR strand overlap exchange to modify coding region and allow high levels of expression in plant cells. The 5' non-coding region has been altered to increase translation and permit protein targeting to either cytosol or chloroplasts. The 3' non-coding region has been altered to stabilize the mRNA and ensure appropriate polyadenylation of the mRNA. Certain codons likely to inhibit expression to high levels in plant cells have been altered. The effects of the various sequence substitutions on gene expression in plant cells compared to the unmodified gene will be reported. This abstract is reporting on speculation of the researchers as the abstract clearly reference what may happen or codons that are likely to inhibit. The abstract appears to provide a guess as to what might happen, not something that has been done.

Although researchers speculated that the gdhA gene may be useful in higher plants, the drawbacks and possible disruption of the photosynthesis pathway lead researchers to the belief that the potential use was probably not possible due to technical barriers. Even the inventor was only speculating on the potential of the gdhA gene to avoid ammonia toxification.

There remains a need to transform cereals to determine if the gdhA gene would have any effect on the plant in either nontoxifying levels or toxic levels of ammonia. The usefulness of the gene as a tolerance mechanism for certain herbicides was not proven prior to this. This gene is tolerant to phosphinothricin which can include glufosinate and other similar herbicidally active derivatives, salts, and acids thereof. The combination of this gdhA gene with other selectable markers to increase plant resistance to herbicide damage was heretofore undiscovered. The ability of a plant to increase dry weight due to increased nitrogen uptake in even nontoxic levels of ammonia was not realized or considered until the present invention.

The composition of proteins, sugars, starch, cellulose and structural lipids, storage lipids and oils can be altered by increasing or decreasing nitrogen supply to the plant. The question remains if the supply of nitrogen is at a high level can the composition of proteins, sugars, starch, cellulose, lipids and oils be modified by the addition of the gdhA gene. The present invention clearly indicates that the protein content in seeds and leaves is altered. Although the gdhA gene may have had some suggested potential to assimilate additional nitrogen in highly toxic nitrogen conditions, the gdhA genes result GDH enzyme has a weaker ammonium affinity that the ATP specific GS. At lower ammonium concentrations assimilation by GDH was expected to be limited due to its lower ammonium affinity and the reversibility of its reaction. Thus, it was surprising and unexpected that the gdhA gene when in a plant produced measurable changes in the number of leaves and protein content of the leaves and the seeds, the dry weight of the plant even in soils having normal ammonium levels. At these levels, the expectation would be that the GS / GOGAT cycle would be the active cycle.

An object of this invention is to provide transformed plants containing the gdhA gene that evidences increased plant biomass.

Another object of this invention is to provide transformed plants that increase leaf size.

Still another object of this invention is to provide transformed corn plants that are resistant to PPT.

Yet a different object of this invention is to provide a corn plant with dual gene resistance to PPT in the GS and the GDH pathways.

Furthermore, an object of the present invention is to provide altered plant growth and yield in seed crops including sunflower, corn, soybeans and canola (brassica).

Additionally, the object of the present invention is to provide a gdhA transformed corn plant that contains a gene that alters the composition of the makeup of the corn seed.

Broadly, then the present invention includes a method of improving crop growth by applying to a field containing a crop, which are phosphinothricin resistant due to having an expressible transgene encoding for phosphinothricin resistant glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme, a sufficient amount of a phosphinothricin class herbicide to control undesirable vegetation without significantly affecting crop growth.

This method includes a gene which is mutagenized, and a gene which is a modified bacterial gene. The gene can contain the Kozac consensus sequence in a particular embodiment. This method, of course, can include instances where the phosphinothricin class herbicide is combined with a second herbicide and then applied to the transformed crop.

The method includes transformed crops which are selected from the group consisting of corn, cotton, brassica, soybeans, wheat or rice. Some of these crops are naturally resistant and the addition of the gdhA allows additional heartiness during herbicide application.

This invention is not just about the method described about. This invention also includes within its broad scope. Transgenic plant cells and progeny having expression cassettes with a transcription initiation region functional in the plant cells, a DNA sequence that encodes for the GDH enzyme in said plant cells, and a transcription termination region functional in the plant cells. The expression cassette then imparts to the plant a detectable level of herbicide resistance to the phosphinothricin class of herbicides.

In the cells at least one of the transcription region or the termination region is not naturally associated with the gdhA sequence. The invention encompass these cells wherein the sequence is from a bacterial gene preferably from E. coli. In some embodiments these cells, including a sequence from the bacterial gene, are modified to enhance expression in plant cells. The cells, plants and progeny include a DNA sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 3.

To enhance amino acid production, the cells can include chloroplast transient peptide under sequences adapted to target the chloroplasts. In other embodiments, cells have a transcription initiation region which consitutive in action or can be organ or tissue specific.

The present invention includes cell culture of cells that contain a marker gene that is capable of growth in a culture medium which includes a herbicide which is in the phosphinothricin class. Additionally, the present invention includes a cell culture of cells having a gene resistant to the PPT and a marker gene that is capable of growth in a culture medium which includes a herbicide which is not a phosphinothricin class herbicide. The herbicide includes bialaphos, Liberty™ and Ignite™ (glufosinate herbicides).

A transgenic plant originally formed from nontransgenic plants and progeny thereof which contains an expression cassette having a transcription initiation region functional in the plant cell, a genetically engineered DNA sequence that is capable of encoding for the GDH enzyme in the plant cells wherein the plant evidence detectable alteration in GDH activity when compared to the nontransgenic plants like that from which the transgenic plant was formed. The alteration in GDH activity could be increased activity or decreased activity. The transgenic plant can be a dicot or a monocot. Of particular interest are transgenic Zea mays plants. Alternatively, the transgenic plant can be selected from a group consisting of brassica, cotton, soybeans, and tobacco. The change in the nitrogen assimilation pathway allows other parts of the plant to be altered.

Thus, a transgenic plant that plant forms seeds and has genetically engineered DNA sequences that alters the oil content of the seed of the plant and evidences altered GDH activity when compared to a transgenic plant containing only the oil altering DNA sequence.

The invention covers a transformed corn plant containing a bacterial glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Additionally, this plant can contain a second gene that was introduced into the plant or its ancestors by genetic engineering that is resistant to PPT.

The invention broadly covers a recombinant plasmid characteristic in that the recombinant plasmid contains a constitutive promoter, a chloroplast transit peptide and the bacterial gdhA gene and a transcriptional termination region. A biologically pure culture of a bacterium characterized in that the bacterium is transformed with the recombinant plasmid.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the DNA sequence of the gdhA of E. coli (Seq ID No.1).

FIG. 2 shows the forward primer at 5' and the reverse primer at 3' of the non-coding region of the gdhA gene (Seq ID No. 2; amino acid sequences: Seq ID No.3). SacI and XbaI restriction enzyme sites are indicated as is the sequence modification to introduce Kozac's consensus sequence (double underline). The bold portion was eliminated as an in RNA destabilizing sequence.

FIG. 3 shows the amino acid sequence of E. coli GDH enzyme expressed in both the tobacco and corn (Seq ID No.3).

FIG. 4 shows a linear map of the plasmid vector pBI121:GDH1 developed in Example I. The plasmid has the uidA gene removed and the gdhA gene inserted.

FIG. 5 shows a circular map of the plasmid vector pUBGP1 used in the examples as starting material and a control for plasmids useful in Zea mays.

FIG. 6A shows the DNA sequence of the mutagenize gdhA gene for plant expression (tobacco and corn Seq ID No.4).

FIG. 6B shows the DNA sequence including the SphI of the mutagenized gdhA gene for plant expression (tobacco and corn Seq ID No.5).

FIG. 7A shows the mutagenized gdhA gene with the added restriction sites for use in Zea mays (Seq ID No.6).

FIG. 7B shows a linear plasmid map of pBI 121::SSU::GDH1.

FIG. 8 shows the 3' EcoRI SphI adapter between nosT and plasmid for corn transformation (Seq ID No.7).

FIG. 9 shows a circular map of the plasmid pUBGDH1 wherein UB is ubiquitin.

FIG. 10 shows a circular map of the plasmid vector pUBGDHI with the pre SS unit.

FIG. 11 shows the methylammonium uptake of tobacco transformation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of producing transgenic plants containing the gdhA gene. The term transgenic plant refers to plants having exogenous genetic sequences which are introduced into the genome of a plant by a transformation method and the progeny thereof.

Transformation Methods--are means for integrating new genetic coding sequence by the incorporation of these sequences into a plant of new genetic sequences through man assistance.

Though there are a large number of known methods to transform plants, certain types of plants are more amenable to transformation than are others. Tobacco is a readily transformable plant. The basic steps of transforming plants are known in the art. These steps are concisely outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,956 "Fertile Transgenic Zea mays Plants Comprising Heterologous DNA Encoding Bacillus Thuringiensis Endotoxin" issued Jan. 16, 1996 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,520 "Process of Producing Fertile Zea mays Plants and Progeny Comprising a Gene Encoding Phosphinothricin Acetyl Transferase" issued Feb. 6, 1996.

1. Plant Lines

Plant cells such as maize can be transformed by a number of different techniques. Some of these techniques which have been reported on and are known in the art include maize pollen transformation (See University of Toledo 1993 U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,010); Biolistic gun technology (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,956); Whiskers technology (See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,765 and 5,302,523); Electroporation; Agrobacterium (See 1996 article on transformation of maize cells in Nature Biotechnology, Volume 14, June 1996) along with numerous other methods which may be slightly lower efficiency rates then those listed. Some of these methods require specific types of cells and other methods can be practiced on any number of cell types.

The use of pollen, cotyledons, meristems and ovum as the target issue can eliminate the need for extensive tissue culture work. However, the present state of the technology does not provide very efficient use of this material.

Generally, cells derived from meristematic tissue are useful. Zygotic embryos can also be used. Additionally, the method of transformation of meristematic cells of cereal is also taught in the PCT application WO96/04392. Any of the various cell lines, tissues, plants and plant parts can and have been transformed by those having knowledge in the art. Methods of preparing callus from various plants are well known in the art and specific methods are detailed in patents and references used by those skilled in the art.

Cultures can be initiated from most of the above identified tissue. The material used herein was zygotic embryos. The embryos are harvested and then either transformed or placed in media. Osmotic cell treatments may be given to enhance particle penetration, cell survival, etc.

The only true requirement of the transformed material is that it can form a fertile transformed plant. This gene can be used to transform a number of plants both monocots and dicots. The plants that are produced as field crops are particularly useful. These crops can include cotton, corn, soybeans, wheat, sorghum, brassica, sunflower and some forage grasses and vegetables. The cereal grains appear to have the most economic advantage presently. The gdhA gene can come from various non-plant genes (such as; bacteria, yeast, animals, viruses). The gdhA gene can also come from plants. The gene insert used herein was either an E. coli glutamate dehydrogenase gene or a mutagenized version thereof. Another gdhA gene of particular interest is from Chlorella.

The DNA used for transformation of these plants clearly may be circular, linear, double or single stranded. Usually, the DNA is in the form of a plasmid. The plasmid usually contains regulatory and/or targeting sequences which assists the expression of the gene in the plant. The methods of forming plasmids for transformation are known in the art. Plasmid components can include such items as: leader sequences, transit polypeptides, promoters, terminators, genes, introns, marker genes, etc. The structures of the gene orientations can be sense, antisense, partial antisense, or partial sense: multiple gene copies can be used.

The gdhA gene can be useful to change or alter the nitrogen assimilation pathway or to assist in the identification and/or heartiness of transformed material in the presence of herbicide. Clearly, the bar gene from Streptomycin hygroscopicus which encodes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase is resistance to phosphinothricin, and bialaphos herbicides (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,956, Table 1). Thus, this gene is useful as a selectable marker gene.

Surprisingly, the present gene is tolerant to some levels of phosphinothricin (including glufosinates) and bialaphos though in the constructs tested, the present gene may evidence slightly more susceptibility to herbicide damage at high herbicide concentration then plants transformed with the bar and PAT genes. However, when the gdhA gene is combined with the PAT and/or bar gene, the transformed cells and/or plants have increased regenerability and heartiness after herbicide selection, particularly to Ignite.

The regulatorly promoters employed in the present invention can be constitutive such as CaMv35S for dicots and polyubiquitin for monocots or tissue specific promoters such as CAB promoters, etc. The prior art promoter include but is not limited to octopine synthase, nopaline synthase, CaMv19S, mannopine synthase. These regulatory sequences can be combined with introns, terminators, enhancers, leader sequences and the like in the material used for transformation.

The isolated DNA is then transformed into the plant. Many dicots can easily be transformed with Agrobacterium. Some monocots are more difficult to transform. As previously noted, there are a number of useful transformation processes. The improvements in transformation technology are beginning to eliminate the need to regenerate plants from cells. Since 1986, the transformation of pollen has been published and recently the transformation of plant meristems have been published. The transformation of ovum, pollen, and seedlings meristem greatly reduce the difficulties associated with cell regeneration of different plants or genotypes within a plant can present.

The most common method of transformation is referred to as gunning or microprojectile bombardment. This biolistic process has small gold coated particles coated with DNA shot into the transformable material. Techniques for gunning DNA into cells, tissue, callus, embryos, and the like are well known in the prior art.

After the transformation of the plant material is complete, the next step is identifying the cells or material which has been transformed. In some cases, a screenable marker is employed such as the beta-glucuronidase gene of the uidA locus of E. coli. Thus, the cells expressing the colored protein are selected for either regeneration or further use. In many cases, the transformed material is identified by a selected marker. The putatively transformed material is exposed to a toxic agent at varying concentrations. The cells which are not transformed with the selectable marker that provides resistance to this toxic agent die. Cells or tissues containing the resistant selectable marker generally proliferate. It has been noted that although selectable markers protect the cells from some of the toxic affects of the herbicide or antibiotic, the cells may still be slightly effected by the toxic agent by having slower growth rates. The present invention is useful as a selectable marker for identifying transformed materials in the presence of the herbicide phosphinothricin. In fact, when combined with the PAT or bar gene which is known to give resistance to phosphinothricin, the cells or plants after exposure to the herbicide often evidences increased growth by weight and appear more vigorous and healthy.

If the transformed material was cell lines then these lines are regenerated into plants. The cell's lines are treated to induce tissue differentiation. Methods of regeneration of cellular material are well known in the art since early 1982. The plants from either the transformation process or the regeneration process are transgenic plants.

The following non-limiting examples are shown to more particularly describe the present invention.

The DNA sequence of the gdhA gene of Escherichia coli which encodes a 447 amino acid polypeptide subunit of NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (Seq ID No.3) was presented in 1982 in Nucleic Acids Research, Volume II, Number 15, 1983. The present examples will illustrate the gdhA gene transformed into both dicot and monocot plants.

EXAMPLE I

Fertile transgenic tobacco plants containing as isolated gdhA gene was prepared as follows:

A. The tobacco tissue for transformation was initiated and maintained.

Seed from Nicotiana tabacum var. Petite Havana were surface sterilized and germinated on MSO medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962). Two weeks after germination, leaves were excised and used in transformation experiments.

Formation of the Plasmid.

A bacterial glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhA) gene, shown in FIG. 1 (Seq ID No.1), derived from E. coli, was altered for expression in plant cells by polymerase chain reaction. The 5' non-coding region was modified by the introduction of an XbaI restriction enzyme site. Kozac's consensus sequence (Lutcke et. al. 1987) was also added to the 5' region to allow high levels of expression in plant cells. The 3' non-coding region was altered to stabilize the mRNA and ensure appropriate polyadenylation and a SacI restriction site was added. Tbese primer sequences, shown in FIG. 2, are the introduction of the restriction sites and the Kozac's consensus sequence along with the destabilizing portions. The amino acid sequence of the gdhA gene was retained. PCR was carried out in an automated thermal cycler (MJ Research, St. Louis, Mo.) for 25 cycles (each cycle consisting of 1 min. at 92° C., 1 min. at 60° C. and 3 min. at 72° C.). Reactions contained 200 ng of pBG1 (Mattaj et. al. 1981), 0.9 mM) MgCL₂, dNTPs, 1 unit of Taq polymerase (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and 1 nM of each primer. The PCR products were gel purified and DNA bands recovered from agarose gels using GeneClean (Bio101, Hercules, Calif.). XbaI and SacI were used with the band which was digested. This process provided single strand complementary end for ligation into a vector.

The uidA gene from pBI121.1 (pBI121 plasmid is commercially available from Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.), (Jefferson 1987) was removed by restriction digest with XbaI and SacI and the gel eluted PCR products were ligated into the resulting 9.7 kb fragment of pBI121.1. The amino acid sequence os the GDH enzyme produced by the gdhA gene is shown in FIG. 3 (Seq ID No.3). The plasmids were the transformed into competent E. coli cells (Top10 Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) via electroporation. Colony hybridiztion was used to detect colonies with the modified gdhA inserts (FIG. 3). Plasmids from the hybridizing colonies were used to transform competent Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Sambrook et. al. 1989) strains LBA4404 (Hooykas 1981) and EHA101 (Nester 1984).

C. Plant Transformation

Nicotiana tabacum var. Petite Havana leaf discs from in vitro grown seedlings were transformed with the A. tumefaciens constructs using standard tobacco transformation procedures (Horsch et. al. 1988) with the following modification. Transformed shoots were selected on 300 μg/ml kanamycin. Shoots were excised and rooted in a sterile peat-based medium in GA7 vessels (Magenta Corp. Chicago, Ill.). The vessel lids were gradually removed (over 7-10 days) to acclimatize the plantlets to laboratory conditions before placement in the greenhouse.

D. Confirmation of Transformation with gdhA Gene.

To show that the tobacco has acquired the gdhA gene the specific activity of GDH was quantified by measuring the rate of oxidation of NADPH due to 2-oxoglutamate reductive amination. This enzyme assay was performed on cell free extracts.

1. Cell Free Extract Preparation

Leaf tissue (1-2 g) was placed in 5 volumes of ice-cold buffer (200 mM Tris-HCL pH8.0, 14 mM).

2. Mercaptoethanl, 10 mM L-cysteine, 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulphonylfluroide, 0.5% (v/v) Triton x-100) [23]. Tissue was homogenized by Polytron (Tekmar, Cincinnati, Ohio) 4 times for 12 seconds each and was returned to an ice bath for 12 seconds between each grind. The slurry was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 25 minutes and the supernatant was used for enzyme assays. E. coli extracts were prepared as in Mountain et. al., 1985 [32]. This publication is hereby incorporated by reference. All steps were carried out at 4° C.

Gel Analysis and GDH Activity Staining

Regenerants were qualitatively tested for deaminating NADP-dependent GDH activity following gel electrophoresis of crude protein extracts after Lightfoot et. al. 1988. Electrophoresis of other protein extracts is known to those skilled in the art. Proteins were separated on a non-denaturing gel containing 5% polyacrylamide by electrophoresis for 2 hr at 120 V. NADP-specific GDH enzyme activity was visualized as a band in the gel by L-glutamate and NADP-dependent tetrazolium staining of GDH isozymes (50 mM Tris pH 9.3, 8 mg/ml glutamate, 0.04 mg/ml NADP, 0.04 mg/ml MTT, 0.04 mg/ml phenazine monosulphate and 0.08 mg/ml CaCl₂).

Enzyme assays

The specific activity of aminating NADPH-dependent GDH in cell free extracts was quantified by measuring the rate of oxidation of NADPH attributable to the reductive amination of 2-oxoglutarate. The reaction mixture initially consisted of 0.1 M Tris pH 8.5, 0.2 M 2-α-ketoglutarate, 1.0 MM CaCl₂, 0.2 mM NADPH, 200 mM ammonium chloride and 50 mM glutamine. The rate of change in absorption was measured at 340 nm for 1.5 minutes before and 1.5 minutes after the addition of the 20 mM or 200 mM ammonium chloride. Glutamine was then added to 5 mM and the absorbance measured for a further 1.5 minutes. Assays were performed at 25° C.

Glutamine synthetase activity was measured spectrophotometrically by incubating the crude extract in a reaction mixture for 10 minutes by the transferase assay as taught in the art (see Cullinore J. V. Planta 150.39 2-396, 1980). The OD₅₀₀ was measured, 1 μM γ-glutamyl hydroxamate has an OD₅₀₀ of 0.4.

Glutamate concentration determination

Glutamate and glutamine concentrations were determined after separation on Dowex-1-acetate. Quantitation was by the ninhydrin spectrophotometric assay.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Characteristics of Transgenic Plants                                                                        Number of Lines                                               Explants     Antibiotic                                              Strain/Gene Inoculated Resistant                                                                               .sup.a GDH.sup.+b                            ______________________________________                                         EHA101/gdhA 30           17       12                                             LBA4404/gdhA 30 2 2                                                          ______________________________________                                    

a=Resistant to 300 μg/ml Kanamycin® in an R₁ seedling assay.

b=Positive bands after electrophoresis of crude extract on 5% polyacrylamide gel followed by NADP-dependent tetrazolium staining of GDH isozymes.

EXAMPLE II

The original plant transformation vector pBI121.1 was modified in Example I to contain the gdhA gene. In this example, the vector was unchanged and pBI121.1 containing uidA was used as the chimeric plasmid which was transformed into E. coli cells (Top10 Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) via electroporation. Colony hybridization was used to detect colonies with plasmids containing uidA gene. Plasmids from the hybridizing colonies were analyzed by single and double restriction digestions. Plasmids with the correct physical map were used to transform competent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 and EHA101.

Plant Transformation.

Nicotiana tabacum var. Petite Havana leaf discs from in vitro grown seedlings were transformed with the A. tumefaciens constructs using standard tobacco transformation procedures as in the earlier example with the following modification. Transformed shoots were selected on 300 μg/ml kanamycin. Shoots were excised and rooted in a sterile peat-based medium in GA7 vessels (Magenta Corp. Chicago, Ill.). The vessel lids were gradually removed (over 7-10 days) to acclimatize the plantlets to laboratory conditions before placement in the greenhouse. The R₀ plants were allowed to flower and self fertilize to produce the R₁ seed. R₁ seed were collected from individual plants and stored at 4° C.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Characteristics of uidA                                                                                     Number of Lines                                               Explants     Antibiotic                                              Strain/Gene Inoculated Resistant                                                                               .sup.a GDH.sup.+b                            ______________________________________                                         LBA4404/uidA                                                                               15           2        0                                              EHA101/uidA 15 4 0                                                           ______________________________________                                    

a=Resistant to 300 μg/ml Kanamycin® in an R₁ seedling assay.

b=Positive bands after electrophoresis of crude extract on 5% polyacrylamide gel followed by NADP-dependent tetrazolium staining of GDH isozymes.

Discussion of Examples I and II.

A non denaturing polyacrylamide gel containing bands produced from NADP-dependent staining of crude extracts of E. coli, gdhA transformed lines and one uidA line was performed and read. As expected, the uidA transformed line did not produce bands when stained with NADP as the oxidant. Fourteen of the 19 antibiotic resistant gdhA transformants showed GDH activity as did the E. coli.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Specific activity of NADPH-dependent GDH and ATP                                 dependent GS in cell-free extracts of transgenic tobacco                       leaves.                                                                                                GDH Activity                                             NADPH                                                                        Tobacco Transforming Oxidation GS activity                                     Line Gene nM/mg.sup.a /min nM/mg/min                                         ______________________________________                                         2A       gdhA         2046       38                                              8.sub.1 gdhA 1600 71                                                           9.sub.1 gdhA 1063 85                                                           7B uidA 0 85                                                                   E. coli gdhA 215 59                                                          ______________________________________                                          .sup.a = Specific activity per mg of soluble protein.                    

Enzyme Specific Activity of Examples I and II.

High specific activities of GDH in gdhA transformed R₀ tobacco leaves were observed. The gdhA transformed tobacco lines produced up to 10 times more activity than gdhA in E. coli. NADP-specific GDH activity was not detectable in the uidA transformed tobacco lines.

GS activity was somewhat reduced in leaves of plant lines where the GDH activity was more than about 1100 nM/mg protein/min. The GDH activity was about 15-50 fold greater than the GS activity in the cell free extracts with saturating substrate concentrations. The GDH activity was not greatly reduced in assays containing 20 mM ammonium (data not shown) close to physiological NH₄ concentrations. Therefore, gdhA transformed plants may be assimilating ammonium at a rate equivalent to, or better than, GS.

The specific activity of GDH in cell free extracts show gdhA gene in plants at 5-10 times the E. coli gdhA activity. This was surprising as there was initially some question as to whether the bacterial gene would express well in the plant genome. The gdhA gene in plants have a GDH activity that is 15-50 times greater than the GS activity. Increased ammonium assimilation is apparently provided by GDH activity if substrate concentrations are not limiting.

Ammonium assimilation by GDH is energetically favorable compared to GS since there is a net saving of one ATP. In addition, the higher specific activity of GDH might require the synthesis of 10 fold fewer enzyme molecules per mole of ammonium assimilated.

EXAMPLE III

Fertile transgenic tobacco containing gdhA gene and chloroplast transit peptides:

The plasmid constructed in Example I (shown in FIG. 4) does not target the gdhA gene to the area of tissue that it is presumed to be most helpful. The chloroplasts of the plant tissue is targeting in the present example. The pBI121 gdhA plasmid was modified to allow fusion with cleavable preprotein sequences (often referred to as chloroplast transit peptide sequences) from RUBISCO SSU (rbcS) by introduction of the SphI site.

PCR amplification of gdhA from pBI121::GDH1 using the mutagenic primer.

Primer SPHGDH5

GGT TTT ATA TgC ATg CAT CAg ACA TAT TC 5' SphI adapter for ligation of gdhA with chloroplast targeting pre-peptide encoding sequences.

An the addition of the specific primer HUGDH3 (shown in FIG. 6B) was completed. The amplified 1.3 kbp fragment was subject to restriction digestion with SphI and SacI. Digestion of pBI121 with SmaI and SacI allowed recovery of the vector minus GUS (uidA) as a 9.6 kbp fragment. PCR amplification from the plasmid pPSR6 (Cashmore et. al., 1983) and restriction digestion allowed recovery of the preprotein encoding sequence as a 0.2 kbp fragment SmaI to SphI fragment. The 9.6 kbp pBI121 fragment was ligated with the 1.3 kbp fragment from pBI121::GDH1 and the 0.2 kbp fragment from pPRS6 to give pBI121::SSU::GDH1 (shown in FIG. 7) which was amplified in E. coli DH5.

Results of Examples

The transformed tobacco plants, leaves and seed Examples I and II were analyzed for percentage of nitrogen, protein and crude fat with the following result:

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         Tobacco Leaf Analysis                                                                                % N    % Protein                                         ______________________________________                                         uidA transformed  6.98   43.6                                                    gdhA transformed 8.01 50.0                                                   ______________________________________                                    

    ______________________________________                                         Tobacco Seed Analysis                                                                          % N        % Protein                                                                             Crude Fat                                    ______________________________________                                         uidA transformed                                                                           4.2        26.5     36.8                                             gdhA transformed 3.56 22.0 35.07                                               nontransformed 3.98 25.0 38.5                                                ______________________________________                                    

The leaf analysis shows a 1% nitrogen increase and a 6% increase in protein in the gdhA transformed plant. The seed analysis appears to indicate that the gdhA gene may be altering the accumulation of nitrogen, protein and crude fat in the tobacco seed.

EXAMPLE IV

Ammonium Toxicity

The transformed tobacco seeds of the previous examples were used in an ammonium toxicity study. Ammonium toxicity was measured by germinating transformed tobacco seed on agar solidified MS media while excluding all nitrogen sources except ammonium chloride. The medium was supplemented with 10, 30, 50, 70 or 100 mM ammonium chloride but no nitrates. The seedlings were grown either with or without 30 mg/l sucrose. Ten to fifteen R₁ seeds were initiated per plate with four replications per concentration. Fresh and dry weights of 10 seedlings per plate were measured after six weeks on these media. Table 5 shows these results.

                                      TABLE 5                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Effect of concentration of ammonium chloride and genotype on dry weight        of gdhA or uidA transformed                                                      R.sub.1 tobacco seedlings. No carbon source supplied.                          Dry weight (mg) of Transformed Lines                                                                                   LSD.sup.c                              values                                                                       NH4* Conc.                                                                           2A (gdhA)                                                                           n.sup.a                                                                           8.sub.2 (gdhA)                                                                      n  9.sub.1 (gdhA)                                                                      n 7B (uidA)                                                                           n Significance.sup.b                                                                   5% 1%                                __________________________________________________________________________      10 mM                                                                               0.75 40 1.3  29 0.48 39                                                                               0.85 20                                                                               **    0.25                                                                              0.33                                 30 1.2 34 0.8 36 0.57 36 0.6 39 ** 0.31 0.40                                   50 0.6 30 0.36 39 0.38 28 0.4 38 ** 0.14 0.19                                  70 0.36 39 0.35 40 0.21 40 0.25 38 ** 0.08 0.11                               100 0.19 36 0.18 29 0.14 40 0.17 40 ** 0.06 0.07                               Significance **  **  **  **                                                    LSD value                                                                       5% 0.28  0.21  0.10  0.10                                                      1% 0.36  0.28  0.13  0.14                                                   __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a n number of seedlings                                                   .sup.b ** = significant results at the 1% level, NS = nonsignificant           .sup.c LSD = Least Significant Difference as calculated by T.sub.df            (MSE/n).sup.10                                                           

Increased resistance to ammonium chloride is partial as the GDH activity would affect primarily the nitrogen assimilation rate. Increased resistance to ammonium chloride is evident by the increase in fresh and dry weight accumulated by the gdhA transformed lines.

EXAMPLE V

Field Traits of Transgenic Tobacco

The transformed tobacco was planted in a field and fertilized with 150 lb. per acre of ammonium nitrate. The following data on the field traits was collected.

                                      TABLE 6 A                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (150# per Acre of Nitrogen)                                                      gdhA transformed Nicotina tabaccum variety 'Petite Havana' lines 913 &       2A1,                                                                             uidA transformed line 7B1 and bar transformed line BAR were grown under      field conditions                                                                in a completely randomized block design. Data were collected after 12         weeks on height,                                                                 # of leaves and length and width of the most recent fully expanded           leaf.                                                                            Plants were harvested at ground level and dried for 3 days to determine      dry weight (DWT.).                                                             Line DWT n Height.sup.a                                                                       n # of Leaves.sup.b                                                                    n Length.sup.c                                                                        n Width.sup.d                                                                        n.sup.e                                    __________________________________________________________________________     2A1  23.78                                                                              5 37.3456                                                                            90                                                                               17.167                                                                               90                                                                               23.1689                                                                             90                                                                               11.786                                                                             90                                           913 28.74 5 41.2224 85 13.765 85 24.9012 85 13.415 85                          7B1 19.18 5 41.4822 90 13.556 90 24.1311 90 13.21 90                           Bar 10.3 5 36.16 82 13.585 82 22.5159 82 13.794 82                             Sig..sup.f 0.0393  0.0001  0.0001  0.0001  0.2477                              LSD.sub..05 12.34  1.597  2.17  1.147  2.198                                 __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a height was measured to the top of the most recent fully expanded        leaf                                                                           .sup.b the number of leaves greaster than 10 cm                                .sup.c the length of the most recent fully expanded leaf was measured          .sup.d the width of the most recent fully expanded leaf was measured           .sup.e n = number of replications                                        

If the control is the uidA gene in the transformed tobacco plants then the significant differences are in the leaf number and the leaf length between the 91 line and the 7B line. The Bar data across the chart, with the sole exception of the nitrogen content, is lower then the 7B line. It is within the LSD. If Bar is used as the control, dry weight and plant height (yield) is also significantly greater for Line 91. Clearly, increasing leaf number and leaf length is of increased value when that portion of the plant is part of what is harvested. For example, this increased biomass is important in silage, and forage grasses such as alfalfa, clover and the like.

                                      TABLE 6 B                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (150# per Acre of Nitrogen)                                                      Means Analysis                                                                 gdhA transformed Nicotina tabaccum variety 'Petite Havana' lines 913 &       2A1,                                                                             uidA transformed line 7B1 and bar transformed line BAR were grown under      field conditions                                                                in a completely randomized block design. Data were collected after 12         weeks on height,                                                                 # of leaves and length and width of the most recent fully expanded           leaf.                                                                            Plants were harvested at ground level and dried for 3 days to determine      dry weight (DWT.).                                                             Line DWT n Height.sup.a                                                                       n # of Leaves.sup.b                                                                    n Length.sup.c                                                                        n Width.sup.d                                                                        n.sup.e                                    __________________________________________________________________________     2A1  209.8                                                                              6 56.7                                                                               6 58.1  6 30.8 6 17.5                                                                               6                                            913 223.1 6 55 6 61.8 6 31.8 6 18.2 6                                          7B1 204.3 6 57.9 6 39.3 6 27 6 14.7 6                                          Bar 203.4 6 59.2 6 48.4 6 29.4 6 16.8 6                                        Sig..sup.f 0.589  0.3498  0.0145  0.0087  0.0072                               LSD.sub..05     13.9  2.64  1.9                                              __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a height was measured to the top of the most recent fully expanded        leaf                                                                           .sup.b the number of leaves greaster than 10 cm                                .sup.c the length of the most recent fully expanded leaf was measured          .sup.d the width of the most recent fully expanded leaf was measured           .sup.e n = number of replications                                        

                                      TABLE 6 C                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (75# per Acre of Nitrogen)                                                       Means Analysis                                                                 gdhA transformed Nicotina tabaccum variety 'Petite Havana' lines 913 &       2A1,                                                                             uidA transformed line 7B1 and bar transformed line BAR were grown under      field conditions                                                                in a completely randomized block design. Data were collected after 12         weeks on height,                                                                 # of leaves and length and width of the most recent fully expanded           leaf.                                                                            Plants were harvested at ground level and dried for 3 days to determine      dry weight (DWT.).                                                             Line DWT n Height.sup.a                                                                       n # of Leaves.sup.b                                                                    n Length.sup.c                                                                        n Width.sup.d                                                                        n.sup.e                                    __________________________________________________________________________     2A1  190.9                                                                              6 57.2                                                                               6 46.8  6 29.1 6 16.4                                                                               6                                            913 189.9 6 56.8 6 49.3 6 28.8 6 16.4 6                                        7B1 165.6 6 57.2 6 26.2 6 24.6 6 13.3 6                                        Bar 185.5 6 54 6 44.8 6 27.7 6 15.7 6                                          Sig..sup.f 0.058  0.3261  0.0048  0.0024  0.0007                               LSD.sub..05 20.17    12.38  2.2  1.39                                        __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a height was measured to the top of the most recent fully expanded        leaf                                                                           .sup.b the number of leaves greaster than 10 cm                                .sup.c the length of the most recent fully expanded leaf was measured          .sup.d the width of the most recent fully expanded leaf was measured           .sup.e n = number of replications                                        

                                      TABLE 6 D                                    __________________________________________________________________________     Combined Data                                                                    (150# per Acre of Nitrogen)                                                    Means Analysis                                                                 gdhA transformed Nicotiana tabaccum variety 'Petite Havana' (GDH+) and       GDH- Nicotiana                                                                   were grown under field conditions in a completely randomized block           design.                                                                          Data were collected after 12 weeks on height, # of leaves and length         and width                                                                        of the most recent fully expanded leaf. Plants were harvested at ground      level and dried                                                                 for 3 days to determine dry weight (DWT.).                                    Line Dry Weight                                                                           n Height.sup.a                                                                       n  # of Leaves.sup.b                                                                    n  Length.sup.c                                                                       n  Width.sup.d                                                                        n.sup.e                                __________________________________________________________________________     GDH+ 130.01                                                                               22                                                                               41.3                                                                               494                                                                               20.15 494                                                                               24.7                                                                               494                                                                               13.13                                                                              494                                      GDH- 117.87 22 41.16 450 16.8 450 23.8 450 13.69 450                           Sig..sup.f 0.6944  0.9467  0.012  0.0091  0.4054                               LSD.sub..05     2.614  0.6957  1.339                                         __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a height was measured to the top of the most recent fully expanded        leaf                                                                           .sup.b the number of leaves greaster than 10 cm                                .sup.c the length of the most recent fully expanded leaf was measured          .sup.d the width of the most recent fully expanded leaf was measured     

In another experiment the same Tobacco lines were grown at two application rates of N, 75 lb. per acre and 150 lb. per acre. The N applied was in the form of anhydrous ammonia rather than the ammonium nitrate used in the previous experiment. Results showed a consistent numerical advantage, though not statistically different advantage, to gdhA transformed plant lines over uidA or bar transformed plant lines in dry weight, number of leaves and width of leaves at both 175 and 150 lb. of applied nitrogen (Table 6B and Table 6C).

Combined results for both experiments showed a consistent numerical advantage to gdhA transformed plant lines over uidA and bar transformed plant lines in dry weight and number of leaves (Table 6D). However, the differences were not statistically different since the data contained a lot of variability caused by weed pressure on the peripheral plots.

                                      TABLE 6 E                                    __________________________________________________________________________     Amino Acid Analysis                                                              150# per Acre                                                                  Amino acid analyses of seed samples collected from field grown gdhA           transformed tobacco lines 2A1, 913D, 842, and 9Z1 uidA transformed            tobacco                                                                          line 7B1 and bar transformed tobacco line BAR. These numbers represent        the proportion of the total hydrolyzable amino acids.                                  2A1 #913                                                                               #842                                                                               9Z1 7B1 BAR P value                                                                            LSD.sub..05                               __________________________________________________________________________     ALANINE  0.0525                                                                             0.0519                                                                             0.0513                                                                             0.0518                                                                             0.0504                                                                             0.0501                                                                             0.0110                                                                             0.0013                                      ARGININE 0.1095 0.1116 0.1146 0.1133 0.1157 0.1153 0.0046 0.0033                                                   ASPARTIC ACID 0.1225 0.1210 0.1170                                            0.1174 0.1153 0.1165 0.0027 0.0036                                              GLUTAMIC ACID 0.2036 0.2058 0.2065                                            0.2071 0.2105 0.2116 0.0004 0.0033                                              GLYCINE 0.0544 0.0533 0.0541 0.0537                                           0.0537 0.0532 0.0128 0.0007                 HISTIDINE 0.0227 0.0227 0.0226 0.0227 0.0222 0.0227 0.4617 0.0006                                                  ISOLEUCINE 0.0425 0.0434 0.0414                                               0.0441 0.0422 0.0442 0.1552 0.0025                                              LEUCINE 0.0725 0.0731 0.0730 0.0733                                           0.0732 0.0731 0.4910 0.0010                 LYSINE 0.0322 0.0331 0.0309 0.0326 0.0310 0.0320 0.0006 0.0010                 METHIONINE 0.0069 0.0071 0.0096 0.0092 0.0084 0.0067 0.1719 0.0029                                                 PHENYLALANINE 0.0504 0.0508 0.0500                                            0.0515 0.0506 0.0508 0.0035 0.0063                                              PROLINE 0.0521 0.0483 0.0502 0.0486                                           0.0504 0.0488 0.0423 0.0026                 SERINE 0.0490 0.0487 0.0498 0.0472 0.0496 0.0407 0.3473 0.0095                 THREONINE 0.0456 0.0451 0.0453 0.0442 0.0445 0.0440 0.0106 0.0010                                                  TYROSINE 0.0317 0.0304 0.0332                                                 0.0289 0.0309 0.0286 0.0331 0.0030                                              VALINE 0.0521 0.0535 0.0505 0.0544                                            0.0511 0.0547 0.0668 0.0034               __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 6 F                                    __________________________________________________________________________     Amino Acid Analysis                                                              75# per Acre                                                                   Amino acid analyses of seed samples collected from field grown gdhA           transformed tobacco lines 2A1, 913D, 842, and 9Z1 uidA transformed            tobacco                                                                          line 7B1 and bar transformed tobacco line BAR. These numbers represent        the proportion of the total hydrolyzable amino acids.                                  2A1 #913                                                                               #842                                                                               9Z1 7B1 BAR P value                                                                            LSD.sub..05                               __________________________________________________________________________     ALANINE  0.0526                                                                             0.0521                                                                             0.0520                                                                             0.0518                                                                             0.0501                                                                             0.0501                                                                             0.0326                                                                             0.0013                                      ARGININE 0.1110 0.1160 0.1170 0.1159 0.1186 0.1003 0.5925 0.0232                                                   ASPARTIC ACID 0.1168 0.1117 0.1111                                            0.1112 0.1111 0.1110 0.0032 0.0032                                              GLUTAMIC ACID 0.2016 0.2039 0.2037                                            0.2070 0.2076 0.2104 0.0001 0.0031                                              GLYCINE 0.0544 0.0550 0.0549 0.0542                                           0.0545 0.0538 0.0391 0.0079                 HISTIDINE 0.0237 0.0228 0.0228 0.0230 0.0230 0.0230 0.4914 0.0010                                                  ISOLEUCINE 0.0430 0.0407 0.0427                                               0.0437 0.0427 0.0447 0.2471 0.0031                                              LEUCINE 0.0731 0.0733 0.0745 0.0744                                           0.0737 0.0741 0.0233 0.0010                 LYSINE 0.0348 0.0312 0.0311 0.0328 0.0305 0.0320 0.0062 0.0022                 METHIONINE 0.0090 0.0104 0.0091 0.0079 0.0083 0.0069 0.1216 0.0025                                                 PHENYLALANINE 0.0500 0.0511 0.0521                                            0.0520 0.0511 0.0513 0.1045 0.0014                                              PROLINE 0.0520 0.0508 0.0487 0.0480                                           0.0500 0.0469 0.0010 0.0022                 SERINE 0.0494 0.0506 0.0501 0.0490 0.0496 0.0482 0.3649 0.0023                 THREONINE 0.0454 0.0456 0.0455 0.0448 0.0452 0.0443 0.1248 0.0011                                                  TYROSINE 0.0315 0.0346 0.0340                                                 0.0306 0.0324 0.0294 0.0973 0.0040                                              VALINE 0.0518 0.0501 0.0518 0.0537                                            0.0520 0.0552 0.1631 0.0039               __________________________________________________________________________

                  TABLE 6G                                                         ______________________________________                                         Amino Acid Analysis                                                              150# per Acre                                                                  Amino acid analyses of seed samples collected from field grown gdhA             transformed tobacco lines 2A1, 913, 842 and 9Z1, uidA transformed              tobacco line 7B1 and bar transformed tobacco line BAR. These                  numbers represent the proportion of the total hydrolyzable amino acids.                          GDH +  GDH-   P value                                                                               LSD.sub..05                           ______________________________________                                         ALANINE     0.0518   0.0503   0.0003 0.0007775                                   ARGININE 0.1123 0.1155 0.0081 0.0022710                                        ASPARTIC ACID 0.1194 0.1159 0.0116 0.0026200                                   GLUTAMIC ACID 0.2057 0.2111 0.0001 0.0021230                                   GLYCINE 0.0539 0.0534 0.0553 0.0004969                                         HISTIDINE 0.0227 0.0225 0.2521 0.0036150                                       ISOLEUCINE 0.0428 0.0433 0.5632 0.0016700                                      LEUCINE 0.0730 0.0731 0.5401 0.0005836                                         LYSINE 0.0322 0.0315 0.1261 0.0008533                                          METHIONINE 0.0083 0.0077 0.5448 0.0018960                                      PHENYLALANINE 0.0507 0.0577 0.9641 0.0005084                                   PROLINE 0.0499 0.0495 0.6996 0.0018320                                         SERINE 0.0487 0.0477 0.1771 0.0057800                                          THREONINE 0.0450 0.0443 0.0254 0.0006688                                       TYROSINE 0.0310 0.0296 0.1691 0.0021120                                        VALINE 0.0526 0.0531 0.6792 0.0023360                                        ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 6H                                                         ______________________________________                                         Amino Acid Analysis                                                              75# per Acre                                                                   Amino acid analyses of seed samples collected from field grown gdhA             transformed tobacco lines 2A1, 913, 842 and 9Z1, uidA transformed              tobacco line 7B1 and bar transformed tobacco line BAR. These                  numbers represent the proportion of total hydrolyzable amino acids.                              GDH +  GDH-   P value                                                                               LSD.sub..05                           ______________________________________                                         ALANINE     0.0522   0.0507   0.0009 0.0007800                                   ARGININE 0.1149 0.1086 0.3601 0.0138600                                        ASPARTIC ACID 0.1126 0.1108 0.1416 0.0024850                                   GLUTAMIC ACID 0.2041 0.2091 0.0001 0.0023290                                   GLYCINE 0.0546 0.0541 0.0663 0.0005187                                         HISTIDINE 0.0231 0.0230 0.7629 0.0006349                                       ISOLEUCINE 0.0426 0.0438 0.2308 0.0019700                                      LEUCINE 0.0739 0.0739 0.8276 0.0071220                                         LYSINE 0.0325 0.0313 0.1349 0.0016580                                          METHIONINE 0.0090 0.0075 0.0523 0.0015320                                      PHENYLALANINE 0.0511 0.0512 0.7059 0.0009534                                   PROLINE 0.0498 0.0481 0.0718 0.0018760                                         SERINE 0.0498 0.0488 0.1720 0.0014260                                          THREONINE 0.0453 0.0447 0.0652 0.0006861                                       TYROSINE 0.0326 0.0308 0.1647 0.0026340                                        VALINE 0.0519 0.0537 0.1463 0.0024610                                        ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 6I                                                         ______________________________________                                         Amino Acid Analysis                                                              Corn                                                                           Amino acid anlyses of grain samples collected from field grown                 transformed corn inbred lines H99 (untransformed), LL3-68 and                  These numbers represent                                                        the proportion of total hydrolyzable amino acids.                                               H99        LL3-68 LL8-67                                       GDH- GDH+ GDH+                                                              ______________________________________                                         Aspartic acid                                                                             0.0614       0.0635   0.065300                                        Threonine 0.0371 0.0381 0.038400                                               Serine 0.0527 0.0531 0.053600                                                  Glutamic Acid 0.2158 0.2092 0.217800                                           Proline 0.1061 0.0980 0.108800                                                 Glycine 0.0318 0.0353 0.032800                                                 Alanine 0.0815 0.0802 0.084600                                                 Valine 0.0459 0.0471 0.050100                                                  Methionine 0.0152 0.0145 0.016500                                              Isoleucine 0.0347 0.0349 0.036100                                              Leucine 0.1491 0.1439 0.152000                                                 Tyrosine 0.0266 0.0305 0.028300                                                Phenylalanine 0.0552 0.0549 0.055600                                           Histidine 0.0277 0.0298 0.029500                                               Lysine 0.0218 0.0253 0.023600                                                  Arginine 0.036700 0.041200 0.036300                                          ______________________________________                                    

Amino acid analysis of seed collected from the plants grown in the later experiment showed that the seed content of several agriculturally important amino acids could be increased by the presence of the gdhA gene (Table 6 E, F, G and H). Alanine, lysine and threonine contents were significantly increased by gdhA. Glutamate, arginine and phenylalanine were significantly decreased. Higher lysine and threonine content could increase the value of seed and grain crops used for animal feed. Lysine is a rate limiting amino acid in the diet of swine. Thus the present invention when placed in a swine diet will decrease the need to supplement the swine diet with added lysine. Thus a new use for the present invention is incorporation into corn grain and soybean grain to supply increased amounts of lysine to swine fed the diet by using grain of the present invention. Additionally, this gene in combination with other genes that overexpress the desired amino acid is contemplated in this invention.

Numerical differences in content were noted for most amino acids. gdhA increased alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, lysine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine and tyrosine; these increased contents increase the value of seed and grain crops used for animal feed. Methionine, is a rate limiting amino acid in the diet of poultry. Thus the present invention when placed in a swine diet will decrease the need to supplement the poultry diet with added methionine.

Comparison of amino acid contents of transgenic corn (FIG. 6I) showed that gdhA increased the content of apartic acid, threonine, serine, glycine, valine, methionine, tyrosine, histidine, lysine and arginine. These increased contents could increase the value of seed and gain crops used for animal feed. Comparison with the effects of gdhA expression in tobacco on seed amino acid content suggests that changes will be dependent on the plant species and genetic background in which gdhA has an effect.

EXAMPLE VI

Construction of Plasmids to transfer E. coli gdhA to Zea mays.

The pBI121::GDH plasmid (shown in FIG. 4) was not particularly suitable for use in Zea mays. Thus, the plasmid pUBGPI (shown in FIG. 5) which is a vector suitable for transformation of Zea mays and foreign gene expression was employed.

The modified E. coli gdhA gene (shown in FIG. 6) was readily transferred to pUBGP1 to replace the GUS (uidA) gene by restriction digestion, gel purification of appropriate fragments and ligation as follows. Digestion of pBI121::GDH (shown in FIG. 4) with XbaI and EcoRI allowed recovery of gdhA::nosT as a 1.6 kbp fragment. Ligation with EcoRI XbaI digested pUC18 produced the plasmid pUCGDH1 which was amplified in E. coli DH5. Digestion of pUCGDH1 with PstI and EcoRII allowed recovery of the gdhA::nosT as a 1.6 kbp fragment. This mutagenized gdhA gene with the added linker restriction sites is shown in FIG. 7. Digestion of pUBGP1 with NcoI and SphI allowed recovery of the vector minus GUS::nosT as the 1.0 and 5.6 kbp fragments. Digestion of the 1.0 kbp fragment with PstI removed one NcoI site (and an inappropriate ATG codon). The 1.0 and 5.6 kbp pUBGPI fragments were ligated with the 1.6 kbp fragment from pBI121::GDH1 and an EcoRI/SphI adapter (shown in FIG. 8 (Seq ID No. 7)).

The 3' EcoRI SphI adapter is between nosT and the plasmid for corn transformation. This gives pUBGDH1 (shown in FIG. 9) which was amplified in E. coli DH5.

The plasmid pUBGDH1 (shown in FIG. 9) was purified as DNA from E. coil, and 1 μg were used for transformation of Zea mays inbred line H99 by biolistics.

EXAMPLE VII

Construction of Plasmid to target the E. coli gdhA to chloroplasts in corn.

Because the pBI121::GDH plasmid was not suitable for Zea mays transformation or gene expression, another plasmid vector was used to achieve gdhA gene transfer and expression. The 1.8 kbp SmaI to EcoRI fragment of pBI121::SSU::GDH1 was isolated and ligated with an EcoRI/SmaI adapter and SmaI digested pUC18. This produced the plasmid pUCSSUGDH1 which was amplified in E. coli DH5. Digestion of pUCSSUGDH1 with SmaI allowed recovery of the SSU::gdhA::nosT as a 1.8 kbp fragment (FIG. 10). Digestion of pUBGP1 with NcoI and SphI allowed recovery of the vector minus GUS::nosT as the 1.0 and 5.6 kbp fragments. Digestion of the 1.0 kbp fragment with PstI removed the NcoI site (and an inappropriate ATG codon). The 1.0 and 5.6 kbp pUBGPI fragments were ligated with the 1.8 kbp fragment from pUCSSUGDH1 and an PstI/SmaI adapter to give pUBSSUGDH1 (FIG. 11) which was amplified in E. coli DH5.

The plasmid pUBSSUGDH1 was purified as DNA from E. coli, and 1 μg can be used for transformation of the Zea mays inbred line by any method.

EXAMPLE VIII Method of Biochemical Analyses of Herbicide Resistance

Biochemical Analyses of Transformed Plants of the Above Examples.

Herbicide Resistance

Phosphinothricin (PPT) resistance was tested by initiating gdhA transformed leaf discs from greenhouse grown R₀ plants on MSO medium containing 1 mg/l BA, 0.1 mg/l NAA, 3% w/v sucrose and 7 g/l agar was supplemented with the herbicide Ignite™ at 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg/l active ingredient (a.i.) (5 replications of 1 cm² discs in individual culture tubes per concentration). four weeks after initiation, cultures were photographed and the volume of leaf discs was measured.

R₁ Seed from gdhA transformed R₀ plants were also tested for herbicide resistance by germination and growth on MSO medium containing 3% w/v Sucrose and 7 g/l Agar supplemented with 0, 3, 9, 27 or 81 mg/l a.i. Ignite™ (30 seeds per plate with 3 replications per concentration) or 0, 1, 3, 10, 30 mg/l as noted in the text. Cultures were maintained at 25° C. with 16 hours of light. Four weeks after germination, cultures were photographed.

The gdhA transformed R₀ plants were also tested for herbicide resistance by painting leaves with 0, 3, 9, 27 or 81 mg/ml a.i. Ignite ™. Plants were maintained in the greenhouse. Four days after application chlorosis was scored.

Ammonium Toxicity Resistance

Resistance to ammonium toxicity in the absence of nitrate was measured by germinating transformed tobacco seed on agar solidified MSO medium excluding nitrogen. The medium was supplemented with 10, 30, 50, 70 or 100 mM ammonium chloride and seedlings were grown either with or without 30 mg/l sucrose. Ten to 15 seed were initiated per plate with 4 replications per concentration. Fresh and dry weights of 10 seedlings per plate were measured after 6 weeks on these indicates that the nitrogen content is similar. The gdhA is efficient in increasing plant growth and yield.

                  TABLE 8                                                          ______________________________________                                         Nitrogen runoff rate in tobacco and corn expressing gdhA.                                  NADPH-GDH  Ammonium                                                                               Nitrite Nitrate                                   Plant Activity Concentra- Concentra- Concentra-                                Line (nM/mg/min) tion (mM) tion (mM) tion (mM)                               ______________________________________                                         Tobacco                                                                          BAR 0 0.031 0.224 0.374                                                        2A 2046 0.022 0.189 0.298                                                      Corn                                                                           LL1-128-  0 0.045 0.123 0.277                                                  LL1-128+ 800 0.030 0.117 0.226                                               ______________________________________                                    

The corn plants used were isogeneic hybrid segregates derived from a cross from LL1-128 with A632. The presence or absence of gdhA was determined by leaf painting with 1% (w/v) Liberty and spectrophotometric assay of GDH activity. Values presented are the means from eight plants. In each case, the gdhA transformants have increased the glutamate concentration in the plant roots significantly. The glutamine concentration also appears raised though not significantly.

EXAMPLE IX

I. Uptake Experiments

Seeds from gdhA transformed plants and seeds from uidA transformed plants were germinated on MSO medium without nitrogen. The medium was supplemented with 4% w/v sucrose. Two weeks after germination, the nitrogen starved seedlings were used to test whether the gdhA transformed seedlings were capable of absorbing radiolabelled methylammonium at a greater rate than the uidA transformed control plants. Fifteen seedlings were floated in the treatment solution (0.2 mM CaCl₂, 0.2 mM Mes pH 6.0, and 200 μM KCl) for 10 minutes. Radiolabelled 14C-methylammonium was then added to the treatment solution at a concentration of 1 mM. After 12, 24, 36, 48 or 60 minutes the labeled solution was aspirated and replaced with nonlabeled solution. The wash solution was aspirated after 2 minutes and the seedlings were transferred to scintillation vials. The seedlings were ground in 1 ml of water for 2 min. with a polytron (Tekmar Cinn., Ohio) to break open the cells. 2 mls of scintillation fluid was added per vial. The radioactivity absorbed by each sample was counted using an LS6000 scintillation counter (Beckman, Calif.) with an open window.

As indicated above in the previous example, the biochemical analysis of methylammonium uptake was tested. The transformed tobacco developed under the first couple of examples were employed in the uptake study. The results are shown in FIG. 11. The uptake of both the uidA and gdhA lines without 1 mM NH₄ was greatly enhanced in the time frame given.

II. Herbicide Resistance

A surprising aspect of the present gene in plant transformants is its tolerance to the herbicide phosphinothricin. The addition of the gdhA gene to either the PAT gene or the Bar gene apparently provides the plant with added resistance as shown by the plants' ability to continue to flourish and grow in increasing concentrations of herbicide. There are a number of commercially available herbicides that fit within the class of phosphinothricin herbicides.

The tobacco transformants of gdhA and uidA do not carry either the bar nor the PAT gene. A control used for comparison was a tobacco transformant containing the Bar gene. In contrast, the corn transformants all contain the PAT gene as the selectable marker. Therefore, the corn transformants show that the combination of phosphinothricin resistant gene(s) such as PAT in combination with the gdhA gene provides plants with increased resistance to chlorosis.

EXAMPLE X

GDH activity of gdhA transformants and controls.

The tobacco transformants including the Bar transformant were developed either in examples provided earlier or by similar methods. The biochemical analysis was performed as indicated above. The results are as follows:

                  TABLE 9                                                          ______________________________________                                         Characteristics of the tobacco transgenic plant lines                            recovered.                                                                                   Explants                                                         Strain/Gene Inoculated gdhA.sup.a PPT.sup.b                                  ______________________________________                                         EHA101/gdhA 30           12      10                                              LBA4404/gdhA 30 2 1                                                            LBA4404/gdhA 15 0 0                                                            EHA101/uidA 15 0 0                                                             LBA4404/bar 15 0 4                                                           ______________________________________                                          .sup.a = positive bands after electrophoresis of crude extract on 5%           polyacrylamide gel followed by NADPdependent tetrazolium staining of GDH       isozymes.                                                                      .sup.b = Seedlings resistant to 3 μg a.i./ml PPT.                     

Clearly, both the LBA4404/bar and EHA100gdhA lines as seedlings were resistant to 3 μg a.i./ml PPT. Thus, the tobacco plants can be sprayed in a field with weeds with the PPT herbicide and at least at the indicated levels of PPT will not have chlorosis evidenced.

EXAMPLE XI

Volume of tobacco callus formed in present of various levels of PPT. The transformants of the earlier examples were tested in various herbicide concentrations.

                                      TABLE 10                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Mean volume of tobacco callus.sup.a with various concentrations of              the herbicide Ignite ™ (PPT).                                               Transformed Lines                                                             Herbicide conc.                                                                       2A (gdhA)                                                                              8.sub.2 (gdhA)                                                                        9.sub.1 (gdhA)                                                                        7B (uidA)                                           mg xxxxx (cm.sup.3) n.sup.b (cm.sup.3) n (cm.sup.3) n (cm.sup.3) n                                               Significance.sup.c                         __________________________________________________________________________     0.0    20929.4.sup.d                                                                       5  17275.0                                                                             5 20763.2                                                                             5 16056.9                                                                             3 NS                                           0.1 12873.2 5 11489.0 3 14949.5 4 2515.9 2 **                                  1.0 3828.7 4 6478.1 5 9634.0 5 0.0 4 **                                        10.0 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 4 NS                                              __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a Greenhouse grown leaf tissue from gdhA or uidA R.sub.0 transformed      plants were initiated on MS medium in culture tubes and incubated in the       light at 25° C. for 4 weeks before volume was calculated.               .sup.b n = number of explants                                                  .sup.c ** = significant at the 1% level, NS = nonsignificant                   .sup.d volume was calculated using the formula 3.14r.sup.2 h             

The evidence clearly indicates that the volume of callus of uidA tobacco callus in PPT is significantly less then callus of the gdhA tobacco.

                  TABLE 11                                                         ______________________________________                                         Dry weight of R.sub.1 leaf derived callus.sup.a with various                     concentrations of the herbicide Liberty ™ (PPT).                                      Callus GDH  Dry weight (mg) at                                       Transformed activity herbicide concentration (mg a.i./1)                     Lines   (nmol/mg.sup.a /min)                                                                       0         1       3                                        ______________________________________                                         BAR     0            217 (8).sup.b                                                                           191 (7) 185 (6)                                    9.sub.1 1640 267 (8)  215 (10) 48 (9)                                          9X 1610  227 (10) 167 (9) 30 (10)                                              2A 1510 269 (9)  159 (10) 23 (10)                                              9.sub.2 N 570 269 (9)  168 (10) 48 (10)                                        9.sub.5 W 330 239 (9) 124 (9) 13 (9)                                           9.sub.4 R 290 256 (9)  94 (5) 11 (10)                                          7B 0  215 (10)  33 (8) 4 (9)                                                   Significance LSD.05 56 34 12                                                    LSD.01 83 51 18                                                             Standard Deviation                                                                             526       61        48                                         ______________________________________                                    

Greenhouse grown leaf tissue from gdhA or uidA R₁ transformed plants were initiated on MS medium in culture tubes and incubated in the light at 25° C. for 4 weeks before GDH assays. Specific activity per mg of soluble protein with 10 mM ammonium chloride.

number of explants is shown in parentheses

Volume of tobacco callus formed in the presence of various concentrations of the herbicide Liberty clearly indicate that callus volume is dependent on the level of expression of gdhA as detected by GDH enzyme assays.

EXAMPLE XII

Volume of Corn Callus in Present of PPT

The volume of corn callus by volume was calculated in light of different transformant lines. Unlike the previous example, there is no control line that does not carry a PAT gene. Both the gdhA and the uidA transformants contain PAT which has resistance to PPT.

EXAMPLE XIII

RO Plants Herbicide Resistance

The results of herbicide resistance in R₀ corn and tobacco transformants and the gdhA activity as measured by NADPH-GDH was compared. The following results were gathered.

                  TABLE 12                                                         ______________________________________                                         Herbicide resistance concentration dependence                                    and GDH activity in RO plants expressing gdhA.                                             NADPH-GDH   PPT concentration                                      Plant Activity (mg a.i/ml)                                                   Line      (nM/mg/min) 0      1    2    3    4                                  ______________________________________                                         a, Tobacco                                                                       UID 0 +  - - nd nd                                                             2A 2046 + + + nd nd                                                            82 2060 + + + nd nd                                                            91 1840 + + + nd nd                                                            9Z1 1760 + + + nd nd                                                           BAR 0 + + + nd nd                                                            b, Corn (all contain the pat gene)                                               LL3-775#131 1310        +    +    +    +    +                                  LL2-63#12 500 + + + + -                                                        LL2-63#15 300 + + + - -                                                        LL2-63#9 150 + +/- - - -                                                       LL2-63#6 0 + - - - -                                                         ______________________________________                                          nd not determined                                                              + resistance to chlorosis                                                      - chlorotic 2-3 weeks after treatment                                    

The above experiment clearly indicates the herbicide tolerance in the plants of the present invention is increased over the control plants. The results show that transformants without the gdhA gene provide no protection against the herbicide. The transformant line 9Z1 evidences the least amount of NADPH-GDH activity and it still gives resistance to 2% Liberty solution.

Activity levels of NADPH-GDH of 1000 and over provided PPT resistance in tobacco. In corn, which has added PPT resistance, the controls were not resistant to 1% liberty leaf paint. However, as activity levels of GDH increased so did resistance to Liberty. The combination of the pat gene and gdhA gene in corn shows even a 4% solution of Liberty can be resisted (line LL3-775#131).

EXAMPLE XIV

Progeny of corn plants containing gdhA gene and either the Bar gene or the PAT gene which are bred and developed from the seeds of the R₀ plants of the examples above can be planted in a field. This field could then be sprayed for weeds with a phosphinothricin herbicide such as Ignite™. This is a method of increasing plant growth. This herbicide spraying would eliminate most of the undesirable vegetation and the plants containing the gdhA gene would survive and increase growth. Alternatively, the corn plants can be transformed with the gdhA gene only and not include the selectable marker of either Bar or PAT. This transformant would be expected to survive the spraying and also show increased growth though it may be slightly less tolerant.

R₁ Tobacco Seedling Growth After Four Weeks on Liberty (PPT)

The experiment has a bar only line, a gdhA (line 7A) and uidA (line 7A) transformed R₁ seedlings germinated on the agar solidified MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l a.i. of the herbicide Liberty (PPT). The bar only line filled about 90% of the petri dish with seedlings, the gdhA (line 7A) line filled about 40% of the petri dish with seedlings, and uidA (line 7A) line filled about 10% of the petri dish with seedlings.

Eight Week Old R₁ Tobacco Plants

Eight week old R₁ tobacco plants one week after they were sprayed to runoff with a 1% solution of the herbicide Liberty were visually examined. line 7B (uidA) 0 nmol/mg/min GDH activity had obvious leaf death and had turned a light green color. Line 9₁ (gdhA) 1840 nmol/mg/min GDH activity had some leaf spotting but had not turned a light green; line 2A (gdhA) 2040 nmol/mg/min GDH activity; line 8₂ (gdhA) 2060 nmol/min/mg GDH activity both appeared healthier than Lines 9₁ and 9Z₁ but still had some though less then 9₁ and 9Z₁ leaf spotting; line 9Z₁ (gdhA) 1760 nmol/min/mg GDH activity had some leaf spotting but had not turned a light green; line BAR (bar) 0 nmol/mg/min GDH activity was significantly darker green and showed little to no leaf spotting.

Eight Week Old R₁ Inbred Corn Plants

Eight week old inbred corn plants were visually examined one week after they were leaf painted with a 1%, 2%, 3% or 4% (v/v) solution of the herbicide Liberty. Line LL3-755#131 (gdhA) having 1310 nmol/mg/min GDH activity showed no visible effects to 1-3% and only a barely discernible light browning in a small area at 4%. Line LL2-63#12 (gdhA) 500 nmol/mg/min GDH activity showed no apparent effects at 1%, slight browning (significantly more then line LL3-755#131 at 4%) at 2% and about 60% browning at 3% and 100% browning at 4%. Line LL2-63#6 (no transgene sergeant otherwise isogeneic to LL2-63#12) 0 nmol/mg/min GDH activity showed 100% browning in the painted area at land 2% and extended browning outside of the area at 3% and 4%. These plant correspond to those described in Table 13.

The gdhA gene can be transformed into crop plants that would not be expected to be effected by the herbicide PPT. This would allow better growth of these plants in fields that are sprayed or in those that are not sprayed.

EXAMPLE XV

Improved crop nitrogen assimilation can reduce environmental contamination by nitrates. Specialty corn hybrids for planting in watershed areas or for biofuel feedstocks will be developed.

Nitrogen Runoff Determinations

Plants were fertilized with 1 liter of 10 mM ammonium nitrate and subsequently not watered or fertilized. After 48 hours, the root system was flushed with 10 liters of water and the runoff water from each pot collected. The ammonia concentration in each run-off water sample was determined by Nesslerization. Briefly, 1 ml. of sample was mixed with 1 ml. of 0.2% gum acacia solution, 1 ml. of Nesslers reagent, 7 ml. of water. After 20 minutes, the absorbance was determined at 420 nm. The nitrate concentration was determined by mixing 2 ml. of sample. 5 ml. of sulphanilic acid solution and 5 ml. of alpha-napathyl amine solution. After 30-60 minutes, the absorbance was determined at 540 nm. The nitrate concentration was determined by the 4-methylumbelliferone method. Briefly, 0.5 ml. of sample was mixed with 50 μl of 1 M sulfamic acid and heated to 100 C. for 5 minutes. On ice 10 ml. of 4.4 M ammonia. After 20 minutes at room temperature, the absorbance was determined at 540 nm.

                  TABLE 13                                                         ______________________________________                                         Nitrogen runoff rate in tobacco and corn expressing gdhA.                                  NADPH-GDH  Ammonium                                                                               Nitrate Nitrate                                   Plant Activity Concentra- Concentra- Concentra-                                Line (nM/mg/min) tion (mM) tion (mM) tion (mM)                               ______________________________________                                         a, Tobacco                                                                       BAR 0 0.3 0.3 0.4                                                              2A 2046 0.2 0.1 0.2                                                            b, Corn                                                                        DL1 0 0.2 0.3 0.5                                                              LL1 800 0.1 0.1 0.2                                                          ______________________________________                                    

These results show that the gdhA gene can be used to decrease the nitrogen content of runoff-water. The increased assimilation by plant roots results in less nitrogen to be available for leaching.

Significance Biofuels/Watershed Premium

Unassimilated nitrogen is converted to nitrate and much is leached from the soil and into groundwater. The EPA is already considering setting limits on nitrogen use in watershed areas. Agricultural inputs contribute to nitrogen contamination in Illinois drinking water, particularly in the North Central region. More then 18 community water supplies and 25% of the 360,000 private wells contain concentrations of nitrogen above the EPA limits. Improving corn nitrogen assimilation with foreign transgenes may reduce nitrogen loss by increasing assimilation. Attempts to develop such corn might be used to delay restrictive legislation and increase support for corn derived biofuels. Approximately 20% of Illinois farmland is in watershed areas. An increase of 10% in the corn derived ethanol as oxygenate addition to gasoline would double the demand for corn and would lead to higher corn prices.

Health Benefits

The association between delivery nitrates and several cancers is weak but positive (Moller et. al. 1990). Groundwater consumption can be a significant source of dietary nitrates in Illinois (Lee and Neilson 1987). Reducing groundwater contamination by nitrates may have a small beneficial effect on the rate of cancers. Infants 9-6 years old are at particular risk from dietary nitrates because nitrate reacts strongly with their blood hemoglobin causing methemoglobinemia, a condition similar to carbon monoxide poisoning in adults (Marschner, 1995). Bottled water is periodically recommended for infants in 18 Illinois communities with high nitrogen in their water supplies. Dietary nitrates are associated with higher abortion rates (Prins, 1983).

Environmental Premium

A health food or environmental premium on the market price of improved corn might be developed by marketing strategies. This might also lead to increased utilization. If a 1 cent per bushel premium for "low nitrogen impact" corn developed and Illinois farmers grew 1.74 billion bushels then profits would increase $17.4 million in Illinois.

Reduced Producer Losses

Assuming a 10% nitrogen loss, 175 lb./acre use, 10 cents/lb. cost, and 13 million acres planted then income losses are: 0.1×175×10×13,000,000=$23 million or $1.75 per acre. Although annual producer losses may approach $23 million per year in Illinois this is likely to vary depending on weather, soil types and cultural practices. The technology proposed might reduce producer expenses some part of the $23 million per year in Illinois.

EXAMPLE XVI Altered Seed Composition

Using the R₀ plants produced by the previous examples, the plants can be further modified to include genes that alter seed composition. A number of these types of genes are known in the art. These genes make altered hybrids. Altered seed composition leads to several specialty corn hybrids and products. High protein corn could be produced by increasing nitrogen assimilation. High sucrose corn or increased starch accumulation could be produced by simultaneous manipulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. The gdhA gene used in association with genes that alter starch content or chemical form or sugar content or form to promote alterations in plant composition.

TABLE 14

The effect of gdhA on plant seed carbohydrate composition. Tobacco grown with 75 lb. per acre anhydrous N.

    ______________________________________                                                      GDH+ Mean GDH- Mean                                               ______________________________________                                         Starch 1     0.72100   0.32250                                                    0 0                                                                           Starch 2 0.03325 0.03250                                                       (o/n) 0 0                                                                      Red 3.56375 3.66750                                                            Sugar 0 0                                                                      Pentose 0.45825 0.18300                                                         0 0                                                                           Hexose 0.57500 0.84700                                                          0 0                                                                           Sucrose 1.03325 1.03000                                                         0 0                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

This experiment shows that starch content was much higher in the GDH+ transgenic plants than those lacking gdhA. Therefore, gdhA can be used to increase starch content of crops such as corn, potato and tomato to improve their food processing characteristics and the % of extractable starch. No additional starch could be extracted by the overnight treatment and the GDH+ and GDH- lines did not differ. The sucrose and total reducing sugar contents are not affected by the increase in starch content caused by gdhA. However, there are more pentose sugars and less hexose sugars in the gdhA transgenic plants. These results show that gdhA can be used to alter the type of sugar of crops such as corn, potato, tomato, sugar beet and sugar cane to improve their food processing characteristics.

TABLE 15

The effect of gdhA on plant seed carbohydrate composition. Tobacco grown with 150 lb. per acre anhydrous N.

    ______________________________________                                                         GDH+    GDH-                                                      Mean Mean                                                                   ______________________________________                                         Starch 1        0.84675 0.60650                                                   0 0                                                                           Starch 2 0.03275 0.05150                                                       (o/n) 0 0                                                                      Red 3.64300 3.53060                                                            Sugar 0 0                                                                      Pentose 0.58300 0.14125                                                         0 0                                                                           Hexose 0.73650 0.47000                                                          0 0                                                                           Sucrose 1.31950 0.61125                                                         0 0                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

This experiment shows that at higher nitrogen input (150 lb. per acre) starch content was much higher in the GDH+ transgenic plants than those lacking gdhA. Therefore, gdhA can be used to increase starch content of crops such as corn, potato and tomato to improve their food processing characteristics and the % of extractable starch. Some additional starch could be extracted by the overnight treatment and the GDH+ and GDH- lines did not differ significantly. The sucrose and total reducing sugar contents are not affected by the increase in starch content caused by gdhA. However, there are more pentose sugars, hexose sugars and sucrose in the gdhA transgenic plants. These results show that gdhA can be used to alter the amount of sugar at high N input rates. Therefore gdhA can be used to increase the value of crops such as corn, potato, tomato, sugar beet and sugar cane and improve their food processing characteristics.

The use of gdhA in association with other transgenes, mutants or cultivars that affect starch and sucrose content is envisioned. Cotransformation or crossing of transgenic plants to contain gdhA and genes encoding ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (glgC), cytoplasmic and chloroplastic fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase, sucrose phoshate synthase. triose phosphate translocator, phosphglucose isomerase, Fructose-6-phosphate kinase, UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase, invertase, phosphofructokinase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylate and the glucose transports is envisioned within the scope of the present invention (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46:341-368).

The increase in biomass produced in plants carrying the gdhA gene has a variety of uses. Clearly, this is useful in tobacco as the harvested material is the leaf. The expressed enzyme is also useful in corn to increase the biomass available for harvest and for use in silage. The increased biomass may produce increased maize kernel yield also. Corn is often harvested by chopping the stalk and adding silage inoculant to the chopped up corn plant. This silage material is then stored and then used for animal feed. But the biomass increase produced by insertion of the gdhA gene and the resultant expression of the GHA enzyme is also useful in other grasses such as forage grasses and foreign grains. Increased leaf length and size due to the expression of the gdhA gene and the resultant enzyme is a method of increasing the harvestable material of a number of green vegetables. These include lettuce, onion greens, kale collard greens, watercress, cabbage, and a number of herbs and flowers such as mint, thyme, bay leaves and the like. For agriculture this enzyme can be expressed to increase forage yields such as alfalfa and clover and other grasses harvested for their green material. Expression of the enzyme in these materials, will result in increased yields of harvestable material. An additional use is for biofuel crops. Although most biofuel crops are grain material and oilseed crops. There has been a recent increase in the use of the biomass of plants such as alfalfa and switch grass for biofuel production. Fossil fuels are finite resources and are gradually being depleted. Fast growing biomass crops may be used as alternative fuels or for energy feedstocks and may reduce the dependence on fossil energy supplies. Crop, tree and grass species selected for used as dedicated energy crops must grow rapidly, be harvested on short rotations (every 1-10 years then regrown quickly (Wright et al. 1989). Because burning of biomass energy crops returns CO₂ to the atmosphere that was fixed recently through photosynthesis, there is a recycling of CO₂ with a less negative impact on the environment. Oilseed crops are used to manufacture biodiesel. The biodiesel fuel reduces emissions of nitrous and sulfuric oxides and reduce low level ozone pollutants. Soybeans, sunflower and canola are commonly used for biodiesel production. Carbohydrate grain and biomass crops are used to manufacture ethanol. The ethanol is used as an additive to gasoline where it reduces pollution form the burning of fuel. Corn grain, wheat, sugar cane, sugar beet and rice are commonly used for ethanol production. Woody plants are also used. Each year, 2.5-3.0 quadrillion BTU (QUADS) are generated in the US using residues from forest and other woody wastes; this accounts for 4% of our nations energy use (Wright et al. 1989). Plantanus, Populus, Salix, Silver maple/Acer saccharinum L.) and other Acer species have been identified as a key woody species in the energy future of the US. And thus key species for the addition of the gdhA gene for the production of increased biomass. This is also a desirable trait for ornamental bushes, trees and flowers. It would be a trait that can be used in increasing the size and length of the various plants used by florists as greens in flower arrangements. Additionally, nitrogen using plants harvested for medicinal purposes such as the yew tree for taxol for the addition of the gdhA gene for the production of increased biomass. Leaves and stems and bark produce the taxol which is useful as an anticancer drug. Methods of transforming fir and other evergreen trees are known to those with skill in the art of transformation. Agriculturally useful method is microparticle bombardment. But probably one of the most valuable plants transformed with the gdhA gene is grass such as used for lawns and golf courses. The increased leaf size and length allow smaller and finer types of grass to be used in areas that need a lot of coverage. And can be used with most grasses to provide a fuller texture to the lawn. The thickness makes the grass appear more full and lush. Grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue both thin blade and thick blade and the like can be employed herein. The method for transforming grasses has been described and is being practiced by those having skill in the art. The preferred method is microparticle bombardment but other methods can be employed.

    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING                                                    - -  - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                              - -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 7                                            - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1659 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                      - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                - - TCGAAAACTG CAAAAGCACA TGACATAAAC AACATAAGCA CAATCGTATT AA -             #TATATAAG     60                                                                  - - GGTTTTATAT CTATGGATCA GACATATTCT CTGGAGTCAT TCCTCAACCA TG -             #TCCAAAAG    120                                                                  - - CGCGACCCGA ATCAAACCGA GTTCGCGCAA GCCGTTCGTG AAGTAATGAC CA -             #CACTCTGG    180                                                                  - - CCTTTTCTTG AACAAAATCC AAAATATCGC CAGATGTCAT TACTGGAGCG TC -             #TGGTTGAA    240                                                                  - - CCGGAGCGCG TGATCCAGTT TCGCGTGGTA TGGGTTGATG ATCGCAACCA GA -             #TACAGGTC    300                                                                  - - AACCGTGCAT GGCGTGTGCA GTTCAGCTCT GCCATCGGCC CGTACAAAGG CG -             #GTATGCGC    360                                                                  - - TTCCATCCGT CAGTTAACCT TTCCATTCTC AAATTCCTCG GCTTTGAACA AA -             #CCTTCAAA    420                                                                  - - AATGCCCTGA CTACTCTGCC GATGGGCGGT GGTAAAGGCG GCAGCGATTT CG -             #ATCCGAAA    480                                                                  - - GGAAAAAGCG AAGGTGAAGT GATGCGTTTT TGCCAGGCGC TGATGACTGA AC -             #TGTATCGC    540                                                                  - - CACCTGGGCG CGGATACCGA CGTTCCGGCA GGTGATATCG GGGTTGGTGG TC -             #GTGAAGTC    600                                                                  - - GGCTTTATGG CGGGGATGAT GAAAAAGCTC TCCAACAATA CCGCCTGCGT CT -             #TCACCGGT    660                                                                  - - AAGGGCCTTT CATTTGGCGG CAGTCTTATT CGCCCGGAAG CTACCGGCTA CG -             #GTCTGGTT    720                                                                  - - TATTTCACAG AAGCAATGCT AAAACGCCAC GGTATGGGTT TTGAAGGGAT GC -             #GCGTTTCC    780                                                                  - - GTTTCTGGCT CCGGCAACGT CGCCCAGTAC GCTATCGAAA AAGCGATGGA AT -             #TTGGTGCT    840                                                                  - - CGTGTGATCA CTGCGTCAGA CTCCAGCGGC ACTGTAGTTG ATGAAAGCGG AT -             #TCACGAAA    900                                                                  - - GAGAAACTGG CACGTCTTAT CGAAATCAAA GCCAGCCGCG ATGGTCGAGT GG -             #CAGATTAC    960                                                                  - - GCCAAAGAAT TTGGTCTGGT CTATCTCGAA GGCCAACAGC CGTGGTCTCT AC -             #CGGTTGAT   1020                                                                  - - ATCGCCCTGC CTTGCGCCAC CCAGAATGAA CTGGATGTTG ACGCCGCGCA TC -             #AGCTTATC   1080                                                                  - - GCTAATGGCG TTAAAGCCGT CGCCGAAGGG GCAAATATGC CGACCACCAT CG -             #AAGCGACT   1140                                                                  - - GAACTGTTCC AGCAGGCAGG CGTACTATTT GCACCGGGTA AAGCGGCTAA TG -             #CTGGTGGC   1200                                                                  - - GTCGCTACAT CGGGCCTGGA AATGGCACAA AACGCTGCGC GCCTGGGCTG GA -             #AAGCCGAG   1260                                                                  - - AAAGTTGACG CACGTTTGCA TCACATCATG CTGGATATCC ACCATGCCTG TG -             #TTGACCAT   1320                                                                  - - GGTGGTGAAG GTGAGCAAAC CAACTACGTG CAGGGCGCGA ACATTGCCGG TT -             #TTGTGAAG   1380                                                                  - - GTTGCCGATG CGATGCTGGC GCAGGGTGTG ATTTAAGTTG TAAATGCCTG AT -             #GGCGCTAC   1440                                                                  - - GCTTATCAGG CCTACAAATG GGCACAATTC ATTGCAGTTA CGCTCTAATG TA -             #GGCCGGGC   1500                                                                  - - AAGCGCAGCG CCCCCGGCAA AATTTCAGGC GTTTATGAGT ATTTAACGGA TG -             #ATGCTCCC   1560                                                                  - - CACGGAACAT TTCTTATGGG CCAACGGCAT TTCTTACTGT AGTGCTCCCA AA -             #ACTGCTTG   1620                                                                  - - TCGTAACGAT AACACGCTTC AAGTTCAGCA TCCGTTAAC      - #                       - #  1659                                                                      - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1659 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                      - -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: YES                                                 - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                - - TCGAAAACTG CAAAAGCACA TGACATAAAC AACATAAGCA CAATCGTATT AA -              #TATATAAG     60                                                                  - - GGTTCTAGAA CAATGGATCA GACATATTCT CTGGAGTCAT TCCTCAACCA TG -             #TCCAAAAG    120                                                                  - - CGCGACCCGA ATCAAACCGA GTTCGCGCAA GCCGTTCGTG AAGTAATGAC CA -             #CACTCTGG    180                                                                  - - CCTTTTCTTG AACAAAATCC AAAATATCGC CAGATGTCAT TACTGGAGCG TC -             #TGGTTGAA    240                                                                  - - CCGGAGCGCG TGATCCAGTT TCGCGTGGTA TGGGTTGATG ATCGCAACCA GA -             #TACAGGTC    300                                                                  - - AACCGTGCAT GGCGTGTGCA GTTCAGCTCT GCCATCGGCC CGTACAAAGG CG -             #GTATGCGC    360                                                                  - - TTCCATCCGT CAGTTAACCT TTCCATTCTC AAATTCCTCG GCTTTGAACA AA -             #CCTTCAAA    420                                                                  - - AATGCCCTGA CTACTCTGCC GATGGGCGGT GGTAAAGGCG GCAGCGATTT CG -             #ATCCGAAA    480                                                                  - - GGAAAAAGCG AAGGTGAAGT GATGCGTTTT TGCCAGGCGC TGATGACTGA AC -             #TGTATCGC    540                                                                  - - CACCTGGGCG CGGATACCGA CGTTCCGGCA GGTGATATCG GGGTTGGTGG TC -             #GTGAAGTC    600                                                                  - - GGCTTTATGG CGGGGATGAT GAAAAAGCTC TCCAACAATA CCGCCTGCGT CT -             #TCACCGGT    660                                                                  - - AAGGGCCTTT CATTTGGCGG CAGTCTTATT CGCCCGGAAG CTACCGGCTA CG -             #GTCTGGTT    720                                                                  - - TATTTCACAG AAGCAATGCT AAAACGCCAC GGTATGGGTT TTGAAGGGAT GC -             #GCGTTTCC    780                                                                  - - GTTTCTGGCT CCGGCAACGT CGCCCAGTAC GCTATCGAAA AAGCGATGGA AT -             #TTGGTGCT    840                                                                  - - CGTGTGATCA CTGCGTCAGA CTCCAGCGGC ACTGTAGTTG ATGAAAGCGG AT -             #TCACGAAA    900                                                                  - - GAGAAACTGG CACGTCTTAT CGAAATCAAA GCCAGCCGCG ATGGTCGAGT GG -             #CAGATTAC    960                                                                  - - GCCAAAGAAT TTGGTCTGGT CTATCTCGAA GGCCAACAGC CGTGGTCTCT AC -             #CGGTTGAT   1020                                                                  - - ATCGCCCTGC CTTGCGCCAC CCAGAATGAA CTGGATGTTG ACGCCGCGCA TC -             #AGCTTATC   1080                                                                  - - GCTAATGGCG TTAAAGCCGT CGCCGAAGGG GCAAATATGC CGACCACCAT CG -             #AAGCGACT   1140                                                                  - - GAACTGTTCC AGCAGGCAGG CGTACTATTT GCACCGGGTA AAGCGGCTAA TG -             #CTGGTGGC   1200                                                                  - - GTCGCTACAT CGGGCCTGGA AATGGCACAA AACGCTGCGC GCCTGGGCTG GA -             #AAGCCGAG   1260                                                                  - - AAAGTTGACG CACGTTTGCA TCACATCATG CTGGATATCC ACCATGCCTG TG -             #TTGACCAT   1320                                                                  - - GGTGGTGAAG GTGAGCAAAC CAACTACGTG CAGGGCGCGA ACATTGCCGG TT -             #TTGTGAAG   1380                                                                  - - GTTGCCGATG CGATGCTGGC GCAGGGTGTG ATTTAAGTTG TAAATGCCTG AT -             #GGCGCTAC   1440                                                                  - - GCTTATCAGG CCTACAAATG GGCACAATTC ATTGCAGTTA CGCTCTAATG TA -             #GGCCGGGC   1500                                                                  - - AAGCGCAGCG CCCCCGGCAA AATTTCAGGC GTTTATGAGT ATTTAACGGA TG -             #ATGCTCCC   1560                                                                  - - CACGGAACAT TTCTTATGGG CCAACGGCAT TTCTTACTGT AGTGCTCCCA AA -             #ACTGCTTG   1620                                                                  - - TCGTAACGAT AACACGCTTC AAGTTCAGCA TCCGTTAAC      - #                       - #  1659                                                                      - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 447 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: Not R - #elevant                                             (D) TOPOLOGY: Not Relev - #ant                                        - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                                - - Met Asp Gln Thr Tyr Ser Leu Glu Ser Phe Le - #u Asn His Val Gln Lys       1               5   - #                10  - #                15                - - Arg Asp Pro Asn Gln Thr Glu Phe Ala Gln Al - #a Val Arg Glu Val Met                   20      - #            25      - #            30                    - - Thr Thr Leu Trp Pro Phe Leu Glu Gln Asn Pr - #o Lys Tyr Arg Gln Met               35          - #        40          - #        45                        - - Ser Leu Leu Glu Arg Leu Val Glu Pro Glu Ar - #g Val Ile Gln Phe Arg           50              - #    55              - #    60                            - - Val Val Trp Val Asp Asp Arg Asn Gln Ile Gl - #n Val Asn Arg Ala Trp       65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80         - - Arg Val Gln Phe Ser Ser Ala Ile Gly Pro Ty - #r Lys Gly Gly Met Arg                       85  - #                90  - #                95                - - Phe His Pro Ser Val Asn Leu Ser Ile Leu Ly - #s Phe Leu Gly Phe Glu                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - Gln Thr Phe Lys Asn Ala Leu Thr Thr Leu Pr - #o Met Gly Gly Gly Lys               115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - Gly Gly Ser Asp Phe Asp Pro Lys Gly Lys Se - #r Glu Gly Glu Val Met           130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - Arg Phe Cys Gln Ala Leu Met Thr Glu Leu Ty - #r Arg His Leu Gly Ala       145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - Asp Thr Asp Val Pro Ala Gly Asp Ile Gly Va - #l Gly Gly Arg Glu         Val                                                                                              165  - #               170  - #               175              - - Gly Phe Met Ala Gly Met Met Lys Lys Leu Se - #r Asn Asn Thr Ala Cys                   180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - Val Phe Thr Gly Lys Gly Leu Ser Phe Gly Gl - #y Ser Leu Ile Arg Pro               195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - Glu Ala Thr Gly Tyr Gly Leu Val Tyr Phe Th - #r Glu Ala Met Leu Lys           210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - Arg His Gly Met Gly Phe Glu Gly Met Arg Va - #l Ser Val Ser Gly Ser       225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - Gly Asn Val Ala Gln Tyr Ala Ile Glu Lys Al - #a Met Glu Phe Gly         Ala                                                                                              245  - #               250  - #               255              - - Arg Val Ile Thr Ala Ser Asp Ser Ser Gly Th - #r Val Val Asp Glu Ser                   260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - Gly Phe Thr Lys Glu Lys Leu Ala Arg Leu Il - #e Glu Ile Lys Ala Ser               275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - Arg Asp Gly Arg Val Ala Asp Tyr Ala Lys Gl - #u Phe Gly Leu Val Tyr           290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - Leu Glu Gly Gln Gln Pro Trp Ser Leu Pro Va - #l Asp Ile Ala Leu Pro       305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - Cys Ala Thr Gln Asn Glu Leu Asp Val Asp Al - #a Ala His Gln Leu         Ile                                                                                              325  - #               330  - #               335              - - Ala Asn Gly Val Lys Ala Val Ala Glu Gly Al - #a Asn Met Pro Thr Thr                   340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - Ile Glu Ala Thr Glu Leu Phe Gln Gln Ala Gl - #y Val Leu Phe Ala Pro               355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - Gly Lys Ala Ala Asn Ala Gly Gly Val Ala Th - #r Ser Gly Leu Glu Met           370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - Ala Gln Asn Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Trp Lys Al - #a Glu Lys Val Asp Ala       385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - Arg Leu His His Ile Met Leu Asp Ile His Hi - #s Ala Cys Val Asp         His                                                                                              405  - #               410  - #               415              - - Gly Gly Glu Gly Glu Gln Thr Asn Tyr Val Gl - #n Gly Ala Asn Ile Ala                   420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - Gly Phe Val Lys Val Ala Asp Ala Met Leu Al - #a Gln Gly Val Ile                   435          - #       440          - #       445                       - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1489 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                      - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                                - - TCTAGAACAA TGGATCAGAC ATATTCTCTG GAGTCATTCC TCAACCATGT CC -              #AAAAGCGC     60                                                                  - - GACCCGAATC AAACCGAGTT CGCGCAAGCC GTTCGTGAAG TAATGACCAC AC -             #TCTGGCCT    120                                                                  - - TTTCTTGAAC AAAATCCAAA ATATCGCCAG ATGTCATTAC TGGAGCGTCT GG -             #TTGAACCG    180                                                                  - - GAGCGCGTGA TCCAGTTTCG CGTGGTATGG GTTGATGATC GCAACCAGAT AC -             #AGGTCAAC    240                                                                  - - CGTGCATGGC GTGTGCAGTT CAGCTCTGCC ATCGGCCCGT ACAAAGGCGG TA -             #TGCGCTTC    300                                                                  - - CATCCGTCAG TTAACCTTTC CATTCTCAAA TTCCTCGGCT TTGAACAAAC CT -             #TCAAAAAT    360                                                                  - - GCCCTGACTA CTCTGCCGAT GGGCGGTGGT AAAGGCGGCA GCGATTTCGA TC -             #CGAAAGGA    420                                                                  - - AAAAGCGAAG GTGAAGTGAT GCGTTTTTGC CAGGCGCTGA TGACTGAACT GT -             #ATCGCCAC    480                                                                  - - CTGGGCGCGG ATACCGACGT TCCGGCAGGT GATATCGGGG TTGGTGGTCG TG -             #AAGTCGGC    540                                                                  - - TTTATGGCGG GGATGATGAA AAAGCTCTCC AACAATACCG CCTGCGTCTT CA -             #CCGGTAAG    600                                                                  - - GGCCTTTCAT TTGGCGGCAG TCTTATTCGC CCGGAAGCTA CCGGCTACGG TC -             #TGGTTTAT    660                                                                  - - TTCACAGAAG CAATGCTAAA ACGCCACGGT ATGGGTTTTG AAGGGATGCG CG -             #TTTCCGTT    720                                                                  - - TCTGGCTCCG GCAACGTCGC CCAGTACGCT ATCGAAAAAG CGATGGAATT TG -             #GTGCTCGT    780                                                                  - - GTGATCACTG CGTCAGACTC CAGCGGCACT GTAGTTGATG AAAGCGGATT CA -             #CGAAAGAG    840                                                                  - - AAACTGGCAC GTCTTATCGA AATCAAAGCC AGCCGCGATG GTCGAGTGGC AG -             #ATTACGCC    900                                                                  - - AAAGAATTTG GTCTGGTCTA TCTCGAAGGC CAACAGCCGT GGTCTCTACC GG -             #TTGATATC    960                                                                  - - GCCCTGCCTT GCGCCACCCA GAATGAACTG GATGTTGACG CCGCGCATCA GC -             #TTATCGCT   1020                                                                  - - AATGGCGTTA AAGCCGTCGC CGAAGGGGCA AATATGCCGA CCACCATCGA AG -             #CGACTGAA   1080                                                                  - - CTGTTCCAGC AGGCAGGCGT ACTATTTGCA CCGGGTAAAG CGGCTAATGC TG -             #GTGGCGTC   1140                                                                  - - GCTACATCGG GCCTGGAAAT GGCACAAAAC GCTGCGCGCC TGGGCTGGAA AG -             #CCGAGAAA   1200                                                                  - - GTTGACGCAC GTTTGCATCA CATCATGCTG GATATCCACC ATGCCTGTGT TG -             #ACCATGGT   1260                                                                  - - GGTGAAGGTG AGCAAACCAA CTACGTGCAG GGCGCGAACA TTGCCGGTTT TG -             #TGAAGGTT   1320                                                                  - - GCCGATGCGA TGCTGGCGCA GGGTGTGATT TAAGTTGTAA ATGCCTGATG GC -             #GCTACGCT   1380                                                                  - - TATCAGGCCT ACAAATGGGC ACAATTCATT GCAGTTACGC TCTAATGTAG GC -             #CGGGCAAG   1440                                                                  - - CGCAGCGCCC CCGGCAAAAT TTCAGGCGTT TATGAGTATT TAAGAGCTC  - #                  1489                                                                         - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1482 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                      - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                                - - GCATGCATCA GACATATTCT CTGGAGTCAT TCCTCAACCA TGTCCAAAAG CG -              #CGACCCGA     60                                                                  - - ATCAAACCGA GTTCGCGCAA GCCGTTCGTG AAGTAATGAC CACACTCTGG CC -             #TTTTCTTG    120                                                                  - - AACAAAATCC AAAATATCGC CAGATGTCAT TACTGGAGCG TCTGGTTGAA CC -             #GGAGCGCG    180                                                                  - - TGATCCAGTT TCGCGTGGTA TGGGTTGATG ATCGCAACCA GATACAGGTC AA -             #CCGTGCAT    240                                                                  - - GGCGTGTGCA GTTCAGCTCT GCCATCGGCC CGTACAAAGG CGGTATGCGC TT -             #CCATCCGT    300                                                                  - - CAGTTAACCT TTCCATTCTC AAATTCCTCG GCTTTGAACA AACCTTCAAA AA -             #TGCCCTGA    360                                                                  - - CTACTCTGCC GATGGGCGGT GGTAAAGGCG GCAGCGATTT CGATCCGAAA GG -             #AAAAAGCG    420                                                                  - - AAGGTGAAGT GATGCGTTTT TGCCAGGCGC TGATGACTGA ACTGTATCGC CA -             #CCTGGGCG    480                                                                  - - CGGATACCGA CGTTCCGGCA GGTGATATCG GGGTTGGTGG TCGTGAAGTC GG -             #CTTTATGG    540                                                                  - - CGGGGATGAT GAAAAAGCTC TCCAACAATA CCGCCTGCGT CTTCACCGGT AA -             #GGGCCTTT    600                                                                  - - CATTTGGCGG CAGTCTTATT CGCCCGGAAG CTACCGGCTA CGGTCTGGTT TA -             #TTTCACAG    660                                                                  - - AAGCAATGCT AAAACGCCAC GGTATGGGTT TTGAAGGGAT GCGCGTTTCC GT -             #TTCTGGCT    720                                                                  - - CCGGCAACGT CGCCCAGTAC GCTATCGAAA AAGCGATGGA ATTTGGTGCT CG -             #TGTGATCA    780                                                                  - - CTGCGTCAGA CTCCAGCGGC ACTGTAGTTG ATGAAAGCGG ATTCACGAAA GA -             #GAAACTGG    840                                                                  - - CACGTCTTAT CGAAATCAAA GCCAGCCGCG ATGGTCGAGT GGCAGATTAC GC -             #CAAAGAAT    900                                                                  - - TTGGTCTGGT CTATCTCGAA GGCCAACAGC CGTGGTCTCT ACCGGTTGAT AT -             #CGCCCTGC    960                                                                  - - CTTGCGCCAC CCAGAATGAA CTGGATGTTG ACGCCGCGCA TCAGCTTATC GC -             #TAATGGCG   1020                                                                  - - TTAAAGCCGT CGCCGAAGGG GCAAATATGC CGACCACCAT CGAAGCGACT GA -             #ACTGTTCC   1080                                                                  - - AGCAGGCAGG CGTACTATTT GCACCGGGTA AAGCGGCTAA TGCTGGTGGC GT -             #CGCTACAT   1140                                                                  - - CGGGCCTGGA AATGGCACAA AACGCTGCGC GCCTGGGCTG GAAAGCCGAG AA -             #AGTTGACG   1200                                                                  - - CACGTTTGCA TCACATCATG CTGGATATCC ACCATGCCTG TGTTGACCAT GG -             #TGGTGAAG   1260                                                                  - - GTGAGCAAAC CAACTACGTG CAGGGCGCGA ACATTGCCGG TTTTGTGAAG GT -             #TGCCGATG   1320                                                                  - - CGATGCTGGC GCAGGGTGTG ATTTAAGTTG TAAATGCCTG ATGGCGCTAC GC -             #TTATCAGG   1380                                                                  - - CCTACAAATG GGCACAATTC ATTGCAGTTA CGCTCTAATG TAGGCCGGGC AA -             #GCGCAGCG   1440                                                                  - - CCCCCGGCAA AATTTCAGGC GTTTATGAGT ATTTAAGAGC TC    - #                       - #1482                                                                      - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1501 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                      - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:                                - - CTGCAGGTCG ACTCTAGAAC AATGGATCAG ACATATTCTC TGGAGTCATT CC -              #TCAACCAT     60                                                                  - - GTCCAAAAGC GCGACCCGAA TCAAACCGAG TTCGCGCAAG CCGTTCGTGA AG -             #TAATGACC    120                                                                  - - ACACTCTGGC CTTTTCTTGA ACAAAATCCA AAATATCGCC AGATGTCATT AC -             #TGGAGCGT    180                                                                  - - CTGGTTGAAC CGGAGCGCGT GATCCAGTTT CGCGTGGTAT GGGTTGATGA TC -             #GCAACCAG    240                                                                  - - ATACAGGTCA ACCGTGCATG GCGTGTGCAG TTCAGCTCTG CCATCGGCCC GT -             #ACAAAGGC    300                                                                  - - GGTATGCGCT TCCATCCGTC AGTTAACCTT TCCATTCTCA AATTCCTCGG CT -             #TTGAACAA    360                                                                  - - ACCTTCAAAA ATGCCCTGAC TACTCTGCCG ATGGGCGGTG GTAAAGGCGG CA -             #GCGATTTC    420                                                                  - - GATCCGAAAG GAAAAAGCGA AGGTGAAGTG ATGCGTTTTT GCCAGGCGCT GA -             #TGACTGAA    480                                                                  - - CTGTATCGCC ACCTGGGCGC GGATACCGAC GTTCCGGCAG GTGATATCGG GG -             #TTGGTGGT    540                                                                  - - CGTGAAGTCG GCTTTATGGC GGGGATGATG AAAAAGCTCT CCAACAATAC CG -             #CCTGCGTC    600                                                                  - - TTCACCGGTA AGGGCCTTTC ATTTGGCGGC AGTCTTATTC GCCCGGAAGC TA -             #CCGGCTAC    660                                                                  - - GGTCTGGTTT ATTTCACAGA AGCAATGCTA AAACGCCACG GTATGGGTTT TG -             #AAGGGATG    720                                                                  - - CGCGTTTCCG TTTCTGGCTC CGGCAACGTC GCCCAGTACG CTATCGAAAA AG -             #CGATGGAA    780                                                                  - - TTTGGTGCTC GTGTGATCAC TGCGTCAGAC TCCAGCGGCA CTGTAGTTGA TG -             #AAAGCGGA    840                                                                  - - TTCACGAAAG AGAAACTGGC ACGTCTTATC GAAATCAAAG CCAGCCGCGA TG -             #GTCGAGTG    900                                                                  - - GCAGATTACG CCAAAGAATT TGGTCTGGTC TATCTCGAAG GCCAACAGCC GT -             #GGTCTCTA    960                                                                  - - CCGGTTGATA TCGCCCTGCC TTGCGCCACC CAGAATGAAC TGGATGTTGA CG -             #CCGCGCAT   1020                                                                  - - CAGCTTATCG CTAATGGCGT TAAAGCCGTC GCCGAAGGGG CAAATATGCC GA -             #CCACCATC   1080                                                                  - - GAAGCGACTG AACTGTTCCA GCAGGCAGGC GTACTATTTG CACCGGGTAA AG -             #CGGCTAAT   1140                                                                  - - GCTGGTGGCG TCGCTACATC GGGCCTGGAA ATGGCACAAA ACGCTGCGCG CC -             #TGGGCTGG   1200                                                                  - - AAAGCCGAGA AAGTTGACGC ACGTTTGCAT CACATCATGC TGGATATCCA CC -             #ATGCCTGT   1260                                                                  - - GTTGACCATG GTGGTGAAGG TGAGCAAACC AACTACGTGC AGGGCGCGAA CA -             #TTGCCGGT   1320                                                                  - - TTTGTGAAGG TTGCCGATGC GATGCTGGCG CAGGGTGTGA TTTAAGTTGT AA -             #ATGCCTGA   1380                                                                  - - TGGCGCTACG CTTATCAGGC CTACAAATGG GCACAATTCA TTGCAGTTAC GC -             #TCTAATGT   1440                                                                  - - AGGCCGGGCA AGCGCAGCGC CCCCGGCAAA ATTTCAGGCG TTTATGAGTA TT -             #TAAGAGCT   1500                                                                  - - C                  - #                  - #                  - #                  1501                                                                   - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 20 base - #pairs                                                   (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                      - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:                                - - AATTCGAACC CCTTCGCATG            - #                  - #                       - # 20                                                                  __________________________________________________________________________ 

We claim:
 1. A method of improving the yield of a nitrogen utilizing crop harvested for its biomass which comprises:supplying materials containing a nitrogen to a field, planting a field with a nitrogen utilizing crop which can be harvested for its biomass, having transformed therein an expressible transgene encoding a bacterial NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase enzymes, and harvesting the crop having transformed therein the expressible transgene encoding said bacterial NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme, for the biomass, wherein the harvested tranformed crop has increased biomass yield due to leaf size increase relative to a nontransformed crop.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said gene contains the Kozac consensus sequence.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein said crop is selected from the group consisting of: corn, cotton, brassica, soybeans, forage grasses, grasses, wheat or rice.
 4. Transgenic plant cells, or progeny thereof, formed by transformation of wildtype plant cells, said transformed plant cells comprising:1) an expression cassette having a transcription initiation region functional in the transformed plant cells; 2) a DNA sequence that encodes a bacterial NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme in said transformed plant cells; and 3) a transcription termination region functional in said transformed plant cells, wherein said expression cassette imparts increased biomass to transformed plants resulting from the transformed plant cells relative to wildtype plants resulting from the wildtype plant cells.
 5. Cells according to claim 4 wherein said at least one of said transcription region and said termination region is not naturally associated with said sequence.
 6. Cells according to claim 4 wherein said bacterial NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme is from E. coli.
 7. Cells according to claim 4 wherein said DNA sequence is modified to enhance expression in plant cells.
 8. Cells according to claim 4 wherein the DNA sequence encodes the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:3.
 9. Cells according to claim 4 further comprising a chloroplast transient peptide adapted to target the chloroplasts.
 10. Cells according to claim 4 wherein said transcription initiation region is constitutive in action.
 11. Cells according to claim 4 wherein said transcription initiation region is organ specific.
 12. A cell culture of cells according to claim 4 further comprising a marker gene that is capable of growth in a culture medium which includes a herbicide.
 13. A transformed tall fescue grass containing a bacterial NAPD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase gene.
 14. A cell culture of claim 12 wherein said herbicide is bialaphos.
 15. A transgenic plant originally formed from nontransgenic plants, or progeny of said transgenic plant, which contains:1) an expression cassette having a transcription initiation region functional in a plant cell of said transgenic plant; 2) a genetically engineered DNA sequence that encodes a bacterial NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme in said plant cells; and 3) wherein said transgenic plant evidences detectable increases in said bacterial NADP-specific GDH enzyme activity when compared to said nontransgenic plants which increases the transgenic plant's biomass relative to that of the nontransgenic plants.
 16. A transgenic plant according to claim 15 wherein said plant is a dicot.
 17. A transgenic plant according to claim 16 wherein said plant is a monocot.
 18. A transgenic plant according to claim 17 wherein said plant is Zea mays.
 19. A transgenic plant according to claim 16 wherein said plant is selected from a group consisting of: green vegetables, beans, peas, lettuce, watercress, collard greens, turnip greens, cabbage.
 20. A transformed grass containing a bacterial NAPD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase gene.
 21. A recombinant plasmid comprising a constitutive promoter operably linked to a sequence encoding a polypeptide, said polypeptide comprising a chloroplast transit peptide operably linked to a bacterial NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase polypeptide, said sequence encoding a polypeptide being operably linked to a transcriptional termination region.
 22. A biologically pure culture of a bacterium characterized in that the bacterium is transformed with the recombinant plasmid of claim
 21. 23. A transformed grass according to claim 20 selected from the group consisting of: ornamental grasses for lawn and gold course use, forage grasses for biofuel use, forage grasses for animal feed use. 